The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 110 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines
Open accessAbstract
Judäische Säulen-Figurinen gehören zu den am meisten verbreiteten rituellen Objekten in Israel zur Eisenzeit II. Diese kleinen Terracotta-Frauen haben viel wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit erhalten, dennoch werden die Figurinen kaum verstanden. Erin Darby befasst sich mit diesen Problemen und versucht, die Figurinen-Rituale in Jerusalem zu verstehen, indem sie Texte aus dem Nahen Osten auswertet, ebenso wie archäologische Kontexte, biblische Texte und Ikonographien aus dem Nahen Osten
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Claims the paper makes
170 Own interpretation · 138 No basis given · 92 Sources not found · 41 Not checked yet · 28 Own result · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This survey of passages shows that production from clay was not prohibited and that concerns over the production of idols focus on images from stone, wood, and metal.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This survey of passages shows that production from clay was not prohibited and that concerns over the production of idols focus on images from stone, wood, and metal.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The finds were located in a fill totally separated from their original context.59”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
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In the paper
“The dissertation first analyzes four major trends in the study of these statuettes, showing that interpreters begin with assumptions based upon figurine iconography and only then take into account Israelite religion, biblical texts, and archaeology (Chapter 2).”
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In the paper
“Holladay did not have any of the stratigraphic reports from the excavations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all of the -assemblages‖ are composed of multiple loci or multiple rooms (rather than multiple cultic artifacts found spatially associated in the same locus)”
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In the paper
“from Kletter's corpus of 854 figurines, only 255, or roughly thirty percent, have general site context.64”
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In the paper
“Samaria E 207, by Holladay's own admission, was a trench cut outside the settlement.58”
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In the paper
“Kletter also emphasizes the disposal contexts of figurines in some circumstances and not others.”
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In the paper
“As to the domestic contexts for JPFs, Holladay likewise ignores formation processes.”
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 215
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- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
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In the paper
“he divides figurines into two different types of contexts-the -non-conformist‖ public space of Jerusalem Cave I and Samaria E 207, and the domestic contexts of Tell Beit Mirsim, Beer-sheba, Tell en Nasbeh, and Hazor.”
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In the paper
“he offers no explanation of why those various loci or rooms should be combined together under the same date or in the same structure.”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, he omits any methodological discussion of what a disposal context consists of or what it might indicate.”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“he stresses that loci appearing to contain groups of JPFs actually result from gradual accumulation rather than coterminous use.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Holladay also admits that only about three-quarters of the area was excavated 60 and that the area was badly disturbed by later burials and quarrying; 61”
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- Not matchedcites [60]
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but does not support this argument; for example, no artifacts were listed in association with stratigraphically preserved ceiling collapse.”
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In the paper
“He also assumes that all of these artifacts were the result of a second-story domestic shrine that fell through when the roof collapsed 63”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“he even states that fragments -do not necessarily imply use-patterns.‖54”
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In the paper
“Holladay does not discuss whether any of the artifacts in his study reflect disposal or use contexts.57”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
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In the paper
“Nor does he give any consideration to the possibility that figurines associated with secondary collapse may have been moved by natural forces or that an abandoned building might become a dumping ground for surrounding houses.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“he believes this claim is proven by the fact that figurines were not used in groups.56”
What the sources say
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, it appears that objects depicting a sexual body were assumed to be apotropaic based on their iconography alone.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of their spoken intentions, scholars frequently depicted ritual-based religion, particularly aspects they considered to be apotropaic, as debased and primitive.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of these 255, Kletter further narrows the number to 173, or around twenty percent, for which the general context can be known.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the stratigraphic report for the site with the largest number of figurines, Shiloh's City of David excavations, is still unpublished; though records were furnished to the author for this analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Holladay gives an eighth through seventh century date for the shrine, using only the preliminary excavation reports.76”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
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In the paper
“the figurines found in Sarepta were not naked with hands on their breasts; and many were holding objects.75”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Voigt's 1983 study has been influential in recent figurine studies, 87 including the work of Raz Kletter”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kletter combines all of the context information to produce one average context-the domestic unit.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whose figurine catalogue has become the standard archaeological source text for interpretations of Judean figurines.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of provenienced figurines, around forty percent of the certain specimens are domestic, or 65 percent when the doubtful specimens are added.”
hedgedn = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many of the contexts normally used to interpret figurines come from sites in the Shephelah or Negev where molded heads are much more common.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“sources are selected on the assumption that contemporary -base-line‖ societies are unchanging snapshots of a non-European, non-modern past and are thus fit to construct atemporal models.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“none of the Ashdod figurines were actually found in the sanctuary, according to Holladay's study”
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In the paper
“Voigt's -vehicles of magic‖ category consists of figurines that are usually small, portable, and made of clay, wax, or other organic substances and rarely metal.”
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In the paper
“Holladay also uses a small number of contexts to interpret a wide-ranging corpus.”
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In the paper
“including the admission that -domestic contexts are by far the best represented in any excavation.‖66”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unpublished reports from the City of David provide carefully recorded archaeological and stratigraphic contexts for the excavated figurines as well as all of the registered objects uncovered in each locus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“he assumes that both styles functioned the same way”
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In the paper
“Nor does he thoroughly investigate the archaeological deposition of molded heads versus pinched heads or take seriously any possible correlation between their differing manner of representation and differences in function.”
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In the paper
“ancient cultures reconstructed by these models are depicted as static and unvarying.79”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“his figurine count for other sites, such as Tell en Nasbeh and Gibeon, is incorrect.”
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In the paper
“he claims he will discuss four sites as examples of non-conformist worship in domestic spaces, yet his examples stress Tell Beit Mirsim and Beersheba 68 with some information about Hazor 69 and nothing about Nasbeh”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
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- Not matchedcites [69]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jerusalem has produced the highest number of figurines in Judah, ca.50% or more of the known corpus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Kletter also mentions significant reservations about archaeologists' ability to identify domestic or private loci.67”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
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In the paper
“Holladay even admits that these -stand significantly apart from all the other Judean and Israelite activity areas considered‖ because of their great numbers of figurines.70”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even at Tell Beit Mirsim, 22 houses (out of 50) contained religious artifacts and only ten contained more than one artifact-constituting an assemblage-even if the artifacts from more than one room or locus are combined together.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the site with the second largest figurine corpus in Judah.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“even Kletter admits the lack of clarity between and within Voigt's categories.88”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
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In the paper
“Voigt's -function class profiles‖ include some categories that are vague and exceedingly broad.84”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“only a small number of such spaces have been found in Judah; and those that do exist generally lack JPFs.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though he seperates the head types in his catalogue, he draws few conclusions about regional variability or chronology.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“most analogies come from locations outside the Middle East and are of questionable relevancy.89”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In his 1988 work, Pritchard redates the shrine to the second half of the seventh century, 77”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He then states that 70 specimens, plus another 42 -doubtful‖ specimens come from domestic contexts, defined as houses, small cisterns, silos and pits, open courts, and casemate rooms in city walls.65”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“he does not distinguish between figurine styles from one nation-state to the next, let alone the different head types within Judah.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the statistical correlation between figurines and other objects found in the same loci may suggest certain items were disposed of together, though these figures are only significant for anthropomorphic figurines, pottery (which is endemic and thus probably nonindicative), and zoomorphic figurines”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of figurine studies have relied upon ethnographic models built upon older ethnographic investigation that focused on cultures far removed from the ancient Near East.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its ability to bridge the gap between sacred and profane realms, making it a popular material for the construction of ritual objects used to transfer purity or impurity.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“figurines are found in areas associated with royal and temple elites, as well as those of non-elite citizens”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Occasionally, a clay tang may remain in a torso, indicating that the attached head was probably molded.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Kletter claims that the dominant position characterizing this period associated several different figurine styles with the goddess Astarte, in part, because a clear distinction between plaque figurines and pillar figurines had not yet been made.4”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to Kletter, the period between World War I and World War II saw the rise of the -Astarte Phase‖ in JPF interpretation, lead primarily by W. F. Albright.3”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kletter divides the majority of scholarship under the rubrics of either the -Astarte‖ or -Asherah‖ Phase and then contrasts interpretations that focus on deities with those that focus on magical function.2”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the chronological ranges and functional differences of the two head styles have not been explored.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kletter sometimes cites the small size of some pinched heads as evidence that the head belonged to a rider rather than a JPF.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The figurines are interpreted as goddesses, elements of -popular religion,‖ and aspects of -female religion.‖”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In actuality, scholars studying religion in ancient Israel define these levels of religion in multiple ways.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Patrick D. Miller, Jr.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Albertz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Dever
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The scheme equates elite religion with orthodox pro-Yahwism and popular religion with heterodoxy.63”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kletter
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figurines are typically associated with females in the family because of assumptions regarding the iconographic representation of breasts.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, regardless of the theoretical difficulties plaguing many interpretations of figurines as popular religion, this perspective has colored past scholarship and continues as a dominant paradigm.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both of these interpretive moves have been based, almost exclusively, on the iconography of the figurines.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, almost all interpreters associate the figurines with non-temple worship.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Regardless of the theoretical pitfalls, scholars who study JPFs have largely followed the traditional view that equates elite religion with pro-Yahwistic orthodoxy and popular religion with heterodoxy.68”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miller
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although the popular religion interpretation has been the most prevalent, a small number of scholars have argued that figurines must be associated with state control.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kletter
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ahlström
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Albertz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Bible does not portray a homogenous elite religion.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jeremiah
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In figurine studies, this particular scenario often serves as a rubric superimposed on biblical texts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As for Wiggermann, (Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, 92), he cites a number of smaller texts that all contain the phrase šep lemutti; but only two actually appear to include figurines.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, 92
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Figurine texts are not common in the ŠÀ.ZI.GA rituals, but they do occur.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While a female figurine may be alluded to in one ritual to cure stomach pain, none of the rituals to accelerate a difficult birth mention the use of female figurines.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Borghouts
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The texts cited here also lack mention of female figurines, favoring instead the use of amulets and knots.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another important series utilizing figurines are the NAM.BUR.BI rituals, which are incantations to protect against the evil predicted by omens.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“None of the incantations to protect pregnant women involve figurines (Leitz, Magical and Medical Papyri, 67-70; Incantations 25-30), nor does Incantation 33 for the -conjuration of the womb‖ (ibid., 71).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leitz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In almost all cases the rituals also contain instructions for offerings made to these deities and involve beer libations, flour, and occasional animal sacrifices.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other texts may have contained figurine rituals but the ritual instructions (often listed on a separate tablet) are missing.This is the case for the canonical Utukkū Lemnūtu incantations to protect against demons.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Finally, the āšipu have a house of their own in the city; they do not reside in the palace as might be expected if they only served the royal family.58”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“One ritual text from Uruk involves figurines, though they are meant to represent a possible sorcerer and sorceress responsible for the patient's repeated miscarriages.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scurlock
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rituals are, however, always accompanied by prayers and incantations addressed to high deities, particularly Šamaš, Ea, and Marduk or Asalluh i, and occasionally Ištar.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quite a few texts describe the use of figurines in rituals.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At the same time, Jean cites no evidence that exorcists stopped functioning in non-royal public life.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jean
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rituals tend to lack details about the design of the figurines, though occasionally they supply materials and a few physical details.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of further interest is the fact that the libraries of other private houses at Aššur contain a small number of texts overlapping with those in the exorcist's house, 59 whereas the archives do not.60”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many types of NAM.BUR.BI rituals do not include figurines; 100 but the most interesting omission is that there are no figurines in the rituals associated with the omen series Šumma Izbu, evils portended by malformed human and animal infants.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [100]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also notable that the archives, which are more plentiful than the libraries and which are found in houses dispersed throughout the excavated area, do not tend to contain ritual texts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, Neo-Assyrian texts, coterminous with excavated clay figurines from throughout the empire, provide a wealth of information about figurine style, production, and use.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Neo-Assyrian texts are coterminous with excavated clay figurines from throughout the empire.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many of the rituals in the Maqlû cycle dictate the total destruction of witch images through burning.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One more variation lies in the amount of information provided in the description of figurines.Šep lemutti describes in great detail the manufacture and design of its figurines, -hand of ghost‖ gives some detail, and Maqlû gives almost none.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the -sons of heaven‖ made of tamarisk, there are two more classes of figurines.The first is the seven figures of apkallū, defined as sages or exorcists, 164 made from cornel wood.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, in contrast with Mesopotamian texts describing the creation and installation of major cultic images, nowhere are the figurines described as born or self-created; there is no attempt to mask the role of human craftsmen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the -hand of ghost‖ rituals are a random selection of shorter figurine rituals and are among the costliest of Scurlock's 352 text corpus.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While considerably more detailed than the Maqlû series, the -hand of ghost‖ texts do not usually give specific details about the figurine's actual design.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The purification or purchase of the clay alone can require silver, gold, copper, tin, bronze, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and various types of stone.135”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Maqlû mentions many different types of images; and, as in other texts, the term used to refer to a figurine is ṣalmū.118”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [118]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition and unlike the other two text groups, šep lemutti includes a whole host of lesser deities such as Sebettu (Text I:88), Lugalgirra (Text I:97), Meslamtaea (Text I:124), 158 and Narudda (Text I:138).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The figurines could represent any number of agents including a ghost, a dead person, a fate demon, sickness, or general evil.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also like the other two text groups the šep lemutti would require significant resources, as a ritual which lasts five days and requires cornel wood, gold axe, silver saw, censer and incense, water, bread, animal sacrifices, dates, fine meal, cakes of syrup and butter, ritual vessels, beer, various kinds of grains and lentils, and flour-and all this at multiple offerings throughout the cycle.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Close examination of these contexts reveals two dominant depositional patterns, neither of which clearly reflects formal cultic space.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exorcists do not work through their own power; all of the major incantations and rituals address Šamaš, Ea, Asalluh i, Nuska, Girra, or a host of other deities.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many of the figurine rituals require a long list of resources including, flour, water, clay from a potter's pit, altars, censers with incense, honey, ghee, dates, ritual vessels, and beer.134”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conspicuously absent is any mention of witch or warlock.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This investigation of ancient Near Eastern texts has shown that clay figurines are not mentioned in connection with major cult images but rather with sympathetic, exorcistic, and protective rituals.”
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Wiggermann's Text I is broken after the final incantation, but Text II, which describes the same ritual, includes an inventory of figurines that specifies the burial locations of the figurines in the domestic structure.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three sets of texts preserve rituals in which the figurines feature prominently throughout the entire ceremony; and these texts include details about the figurine make, the ceremony, the deities involved, and figurine placement or discard at the end of the ritual.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like the other two textual corpuses, šep lemutti invokes deities at various moments of the ritual; the deities include Ea, Marduk, and Šamaš (Text I:158-160) 156 as well as Kusu and Ningirim (Text I:242).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maqlû texts primarily associate the figurines with witches and occasionally with the patient, and in all cases the evil-causing agent is primarily the witch with secondary associations to various Netherworld creatures.Conversely, the -hand of ghost‖ texts and the šep lemutti texts exclude witchcraft almost entirely.”
plainstates an associationn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of Scurlock's corpus of 352 prescriptions, 21 involve figurines, which are used to counter symptoms caused by -hand of ghost‖ (13/21 figurines texts) and to destroy or banish the ghosts themselves (7/21 figurine texts).126”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [126]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The texts often instruct that the name of the figurine be written on the left shoulder; as Scurlock points out, that name is not a personal name but a job description, such as -ghost who is persecuting PN.‖ 142”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Figurines were also often dressed in makeshift garments and given accompanying articles like carnelian necklaces, spindles, cloth, pins, golden reeds, gold staffs, copper axes, lead water pipes, and ox horns.143”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [143]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ritual cycle in Maqlû, in its present form, lasts one evening and the following morning, and requires many different resources, such as offerings and fumigants.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases the figurines are thrown into the river or burned, but sometimes they are buried.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text does not include any description of how the various images were created or their design.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and while figurines tend to be buried, which would be identifiable in the archaeological record, they are often buried in remote locations.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, none of these figurines are burned, in contrast to the 144 Ibid.145 Ibid., 52-53.146 Ibid., 50-51.147 Ibid., 50. 148 Ibid., 51. 149 Ibid., 538, 539. Maqlû series”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most important, while these texts do include ghosts, the evil is not limited to ghosts but can also include -anything evil‖ and various sorts of demons.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As in the other texts, the main gods are not depicted in the ritual; but these other deities are described very carefully and are taxonomically differentiated from the other creatures by being made of tamarisk, clothed with metals, and called -creatures of heaven‖ (Text I:143).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to the -hand of ghost‖ texts, Wiggermann's Text I lists a number of evil sources including, evil spirits, constables, gods, deputies, Lamaštu, or Lilîtu, Handmaid-of-Lilû, Hand-of-god, Hand-of-a-goddess, and Fallen-down-from-Heaven; and it continues to include abstracts like Death, Burning, and Scorching.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, all three corpora require considerable resources for their rituals.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, none of the figurines are burnt; and they are buried in the domestic structure rather than in remote locations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, the āšipu was responsible for all initial preparations, including libations, purifying the clay pit, laying out objects, helping the patient to ready himself, making the offerings to gods and family ghosts, and making, dressing, manipulating and burying figurines.131”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the šep lemutti texts do describe the creation of divine beings in tamarisk and semi-divine beings in clay.Despite that fact, the same set of high deities (Šamaš, Ea, Asalluh i), though frequently invoked, are never depicted in wood or clay.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, in all three corpora the primary ritual agent is the āšipu, a state-sponsored priest associated, in many cases, with main temples in large cities.”
plainstates an associationn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these texts exclude witchcraft, but where witchcraft is mentioned the figurine represents the witch.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, the rituals differ as to who the figurines represent.Šep lemutti clay figurines are all semidivine beings, or extraordinary humans protecting the patient from the evil, 181 while the other two texts describe figurines representing either the human patient or evil forces, be it demons, demonized witches, or ghosts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cave II was also -enclosed‖ by Walls 14 and 15, limiting access to the cave's opening; 18 and, judging from the plans, Wall 31 controlled access to Cave III.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cave contained about 1,300 objects, all scattered in a layer of wet clay, which Steiner calls A/966.3=965.24.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“H and J both underwent multiple architectural phases: Room H has at least two if not three phases of construction; 8 and Room J has at least two phases of use prior to the end of occupation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There appears to be at least two phases of collapse into the cave, though it is difficult to calculate the time between them.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After these 12 are subtracted from Holland's list, 28 pinched heads remain unprovenienced and could come from any of the other areas in Kenyon's excavation, or 51% of the total pinched heads”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the water gullies formed in the collapse were 2 animal figurine fragments, 1 molded head, and 1 female figurine torso, in addition to 1 basalt rubbing stone.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Holland reports 70 body fragments: 9 were from area L; 13 from Cave I/Room J; 4 from Area A; 24 another 24 from Iron Age loci in area A; 25 and 20 fragments, or 29%, from all other areas combined”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The building outside of Cave I also runs along a horizontal rock ledge, to the south of the Northern Building.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The building was abandoned and collapsed; and subsequently all the floors were covered with a thick layer of mudbrick debris and rubble.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the accumulated material above the building collapse were 8 animal figurine fragments, 2 miniature bed fragments, and possibly 1 pinched head, 26 along with a flint knife, a limestone cylinder, a basalt quern fragment, a travertine ballistic stone, and two bone pins.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Volume III of the Kenyon excavations does not include any figurines from -inside‖ Cave I so corroboration is impossible.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holland lists 19 molded heads, with 4 known from Area A, 23 leaving another 6 that must be from Iron Age loci in Area A, as listed in the Boas-Vedder appendix, with a remainder of 9 molded heads or 47% of the corpus that could come from any of the other areas”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cave I does contain layers of blackened soil with some charcoal, but this appears to be the only evidence for destruction in the entire building.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the section drawing published in Steiner does not include 966.3, making it difficult to identify where the layer begins or ends.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in -Room E,‖ a -cave‖ in the rock scarp measuring 60 by 25 cm, the excavators found 79 mostly complete vessels, along with some fish and animal bones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Holland lists 55 pinched heads from Jerusalem.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the debris was covered with two tali, one with only Iron Age sherds and another with a predominance of Roman pottery”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another cave deposit was associated with same building, alternatively called Cave III or Room E”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“according to the excavator's description of the main Cave I deposit (966.3=965.25,.29,.31), the layer contained a number of large stones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This layer did include 1 pinched head and 1 idiosyncratic male figurine fragment”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pottery inside Structure B and the adjacent Structure C was discolored with a greenish tint, interpreted as organic matter from a rubbish pit.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Room B held a -fire place,‖ and in its -Structure B‖ 1 were 39 vessels (mostly small bowls) and 3 pestles.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Volume III does list figurines in the fill layers from Room J; but the section drawing clearly shows these layers collapsing far into the mouth of Cave I, making any distinction between -outside‖ and -inside‖ the cave problematic.”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Northern Building and Cave II contained animal figurines but no anthropomorphic figurines.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This building contained a series of rooms, named B through L; and room J was outside of the entrance to Cave I.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the section drawing shows a collapse of soil layers (965.25,.29. 31) into the mouth of Cave I”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Eight are in area L and 7 are definitely in Area A.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the Northern Building, the Southern Building was not fully excavated to its eastern extent, though there was evidence for a second row of rooms to the east.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This does not imply that Layer 966.3 covered the entire cave floor.It only extended about 4.0 m into the cave, and the western 4.0 m contained a different deposit entirely.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“no evidence exists for a conflagration in the building outside or for burning on the animal bones inside the cave; and the burning on cooking pots and jugs is related to cooking.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prag
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lernau
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the total deposit included 61 figurines inside Cave I, 19 figurines from the porch, 26 -cult apparatus‖ object from Cave I, and 4 cult objects from the porch, for a total of 80 figurines and 30 cult apparatus objects.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prag
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and design (face style, hand position, implements) and is notable for the absence of pinched heads.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assemblage is characterized by a wide degree of variety in both technological production style (solid, hollow, wheel-made, hand-made)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The cult apparatus objects include 6 rattles, 7 couch/chair fragments, 1 almost complete incense stand and 3 fragments of possible incense stands, 7 fragments of either pedestals of figurines or chalice bases, 1 model house/shrine box, 2 vessels with human motifs, an unidentifiable fragment, and 2 cream limestone dishes”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prag
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is significant that between 13 and 20 of these objects are figurine bases, miniatures, or rattles, which are found in many different contexts, not necessarily cultic locations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“not every vessel in Cave I was complete, that is, many fragments were missing from many vessels, though there were often enough pieces to restore the vessel form.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eshel
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, this causes problems for anyone studying ancient history, even when cultures are well documented, since ritual texts may not reveal any information about how they were performed nor can their content be taken as a reliable indicator of the ritual's ultimate social function.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while Kletter claims to distinguish between use and disposal contexts, his analysis is simplistic and inconsistent.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the academic milieu that saw the rise of -apotropaic‖ as a descriptive term was marked by methodological challenges.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is just as plausible that the figurines were originally used in groups and were disposed of singularly.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, protective ritual is often closely related to exorcistic and healing rituals, particularly in Neo-Assyrian texts (see Chapter 3).”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that Jerusalem was the locus of the state cult”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the skew towards domestic contexts may be due to the large number of domestic contexts excavated.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not to claim naively that ethnographic or textual comparanda can easily construct a model to divulge exactly what happened in an ancient culture.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Holladay also struggles to interpret figurine contexts in Judah because contexts often lack the cultic features that might help identify the figurines as cultic objects.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jerusalem was at the center of the Judean political system by the end of the eighth century; and surrounding areas were defined by their relationship to the city.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“this fact calls into question the cross-cultural reliability of both studies.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while it is often possible to posit with relative surety that a figurine fragment resulted from activity occurring somewhere in the same building, installation, or area, it is not possible to prove that fragments were the result of activity taking place in a particular locus.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“if inference is a necessary part of archaeological interpretation”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the breadth of the category may defeat the point of the inquiry, which is to enable archaeologists to use excavated figurine fragments and their archaeological context to construct a sound hypothesis about figurine function.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“making it difficult to associate them with corporate worship at Ashdod, let alone in Israel or Judah.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the categories derived from general cross-cultural ethnographic comparanda either draw a picture of the ancient world that is static, as Stahl suggests, or that is so lacking in detail that the model's usefulness is called into question.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while riders are usually smaller than the average JPF, the handmade JPFs can be quite small, so the size of the head does not necessarily indicate the type of figurine from which it came.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the reader is left to assume that scholars like Engle, Dever, and Kletter made a series of interpretations based on the figurines' breasts.That is, they assume that the breasts are associated with fertility or nourishment, these concerns fall under the auspices of a female deity, the Bible provides reliable evidence about female deities in Iron II Israel, and the most likely choice is As”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neo-Assyrian texts have the added benefit of coming from a region that is geographically, temporally, and politically related to Iron II Judah.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is little question that most interpreters have associated the pillar figurines with the goddess Asherah.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because iconographic and artistic traditions change slowly and are governed by long-standing criteria these variations may indicate important attitudes and practices within the Judean community.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although some interpreters did conflate plaque and pillar figurine styles, leading them to associate the JPFs with Astarte, the situation is more complex than Kletter presents.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“archaeological analysis may not detect elements that may have been key to identifying figurine functions”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Further, many scholars who study ancient Near Eastern goddesses have questioned the identification of JPFs with Asherah.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The major figurine catalogue in the Asherah Phase was produced by James Engle, who claims that the JPFs were associated with Asherah primarily because she was the main goddess in the Hebrew Bible.18 For most other studies, this is also the justification for associating Asherah with the majority of female images from ancient Israel, including JPFs.19”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Finally, a number of scholars who specialize in religion in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible have resisted the equation between Asherah and the pillar figurines.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the key points about this interpretive chain is that these scholars did not begin with information about Asherah as their guiding principle but with a logical inference about the function of the figurines based on the breasts, making the Asherah Phase very similar to the Astarte Phase.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, his characterization of the Asherah Phase suffers from the same oversimplifications that plagued his discussion of the Astarte Phase.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These categories are often treated as discrete divisions; but they are actually permeable, and most interpreters engage all three categories at once.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the common assumptions shared by the majority of interpreters stem from interpretations of the figurines' breasts and their concomitant implications for the function and owners of the figurines.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As has been argued, even Albright at Tell Beit Mirsim, McCowan at Tell en Nasbeh, and Tufnell at Lachish note Astarte alongside other possibilities and ultimately interpret the figurines as the dea nutrix.12”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“demonstrating ways in which common scholarly assumptions about JPFs should not be taken as fact.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not only may they help construct a localized model for figurine use in the Iron II Near East, but they can be used to construct a more specific set of criteria to relate figurine form and function than that in the Ucko/Voigt model.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although Kletter underemphasizes those interpreters who remained skeptical, several scholars in fact disagree with the Asherah hypothesis.”
- Also stated in: § Kletter calls the period between 1975 and 1995 the Asherah Phase of research. · plain
“Thus, some of the most recent excavation reports dealing with figurines (and all of the reports from Jerusalem) also avoid associating the figurines with Asherah.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Kletter calls the period between 1975 and 1995 the Asherah Phase of research. · plain
In the paper
“In the end, the Asherah Phase includes many scholars who do not interpret the JPFs as Asherah, and this continues to be the case from 1995 until the present.44”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many interpreters believe that these two options-either deity or human worshipper-are the only plausible ones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, archaeologists and biblical scholars rely upon reconstructions of biblical texts, models derived from ethnographic analogy, or simple common sense.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ultimately, he insists that the figurines are magical and that they must represent the deity Asherah because she is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the majority position, that the figurines were used to induce fertility and/or nourishment and were used primarily by women, is based on iconography.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather than suggest that JPFs represent spiritual entities of lower divine status, most deity interpretations associate JPFs with high deities of the pantheon.As already suggested, those interpretations are problematic when considered in light of the JPFs' lack of iconographic elements or the presence of certain technological characteristics, like poorly-levigated clay construction.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but, in the case of JPFs, studies do not normally include any serious examination of the ritual texts from these cultures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, they offer no reason for why these figurines should be understood as popular other than an assumption that the figurines represent practices incommensurate with Yahwism.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franken and Steiner
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most cases the figurines are interpreted as heterodox in contrast with a hypothesized Yahweh-alone orthodoxy practiced by the elite in Jerusalem.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost all interpreters connect the figurines with popular religion whether or not they also connect them with a goddess.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, scholars assume that the same iconographic style is understood the same way over thousands of years and across multiple cultures.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These rituals can be used to examine the validity of common assumptions about figurines, including statuettes in Iron II Judah.”
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a result, the possibility that clay representations might be associated with lower-level supernatural entities is entirely ignored and the history of scholarship is schematized into those who support the high goddess interpretation and those who support the human votive interpretation.61”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coincidentally, the rise of Judean figurines corresponds with the time when Judah is under Assyrian domination and, conversely, prior to that point figurines had not been pervasive since the end of the Late Bronze Age.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Karen van der Toorn (Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel:Continuity and Change in the Forms of Religious Life [Leiden: Brill, 1996], 4) -family religion‖ seems to mean the same thing as popular religion when he says, -In view of the contents of the religious life of the common man and woman in Babylon, Syria and Israel, ‗family religion' seems to be its most appropriate designation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karen van der Toorn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several reasons can be suggested for the fact that scholarship has moved little beyond this point: simplifications of earlier scholars' work, the general dearth of textual information about the figurines, and modern interpretive assumptions about ancient iconography and its relationship to the function of figurines and the people who may have used them.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key component of traditional figurine studies is the examination of similar artifacts from elsewhere in the ancient Near East.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The association with -plenty‖ and -female lives‖ rests on little more than the iconography of the figurine, regardless of the context.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kletter
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“claim seem more original, namely-that the figurines are both magical and representations of biblical Asherah.53”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This assumption is never argued nor proven but taken as fact.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, any practice associated with ritual manipulation and/or divine beings cannot necessarily be categorized as either elite religion or popular, for those terms do not represent a meaningful dichotomy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Neo-Assyrian figurines described in this chapter are primarily male and/or mischwesen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fortunately, several Neo-Assyrian ritual texts not only mention clay figurines but also provide information about the use of figurines in curative and protective rituals.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, these texts describe figurines made with the same technological characteristics (clay composition) as those in the southern kingdom.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interpretation of JPFs includes multiple perspectives.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kletter does not enter into a full investigation of these texts, concluding, instead, that they are of limited value.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For most of these theories, from Albright to Dever, interpreters focus on the iconography of the figurines and their possible function in order to surmise the most likely deities associated with the image.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the biblical record is to be trusted, for the vast majority of the Iron II the elite religion worshipped many deities, indulged in numerous ritual manipulations, and did so in multiple locations throughout the area; all regardless of what the Deuteronomistic redactors thought about it.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite these differences, almost every interpreter emphasizes the iconography of the figurines, specifically the breasts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theories that stress the conservative nature of ancient Near Eastern religion are actually relying upon a perceived cultural continuum that stretches across time and space.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last of these problems has been exacerbated by scholars' sole reliance on biblical texts.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Clearly -nonconformist religion‖ is another name for what other scholars have called -popular religion.‖”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holladay
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, while the goddess interpretation remains widespread, scholarship has never focused on goddesses to the exclusion of the figurines' function.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, there was not one homogenous popular religion but multiple practices that varied by sub-region, family unit, and personal need.66”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Albertz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A related false dichotomy is the belief that the figurines must either represent deities or humans.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but because the Hebrew Bible does not describe clay figurines, it does not provide the needed system of checks and balances.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also come from an empire that had political control over Judah as well as the majority of Judah's neighbors”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but, if comparison is made on the basis of technological style rather than iconographic similarity, the Neo-Assyrian ritual texts from the ninth through sixth centuries B.C.E.take on increased significance.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The fact that little evidence exists to connect Neo-Assyrian figurines with mothers or children is very interesting in light of the plethora of figurine rituals used to avert other types of evil or protect the house.104”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [104]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This fact has been ignored by most interpreters for two reasons.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, they have assumed, based on the JPF design, that the figurines depict goddesses.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Neo-Assyrian ritual texts are extensive and their ritual scope allencompassing.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cryer points out that the kit required by rituals like the NAM.BÚR.BI (rituals for protection and defense against evil) presuppose transportable cultic equipment for use outside fixed temple space.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, whether or not the texts were copied from older originals, they betray the interests and concerns of those who copied them.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be emphasized that the āšipu was a type of priest.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scholars have commonly interpreted the Neo-Assyrian texts as mere copies of Old Babylonian or Kassite originals.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that clay figurines -figure‖ in the ritual texts of multiple ancient Near Eastern cultures provides an important resource for the study of Judean figurines.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relationship between the āšipu and the city's non-royal inhabitants remains to be proven.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“despite any similarity to or dependence upon earlier texts, the rituals were surely practiced in the Neo-Assyrian period, at the time when Judah was under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, both Joann Scurlock and Tzvi Abusch claim that the Neo-Assyrian texts are important reflections of Neo-Assyrian attitudes and praxis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main cause of doubt is not evidence to the contrary, but a lack of extant evidence, save that of correspondence between the royal house and the exorcists.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the figurines she is studying date to a much earlier period and thus limit the extent to which she can use these texts for the interpretation of her corpus.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In every ritual the figurines represent humans, animals, or spirits but attempts to connect five female figurines (non-terracotta) found at the thirteenth dynasty tomb of the magician at the Ramasseum with spells from the same tomb that describe child birth and labor.Both the archaeological context and the textual evidence are more complex than Pinch presupposes.”
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Theodore Lewis has noted, there is no biblical prohibition against the construction of clay images.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lewis, -Syro-Palestinian Iconography and Divine Images,‖ 87.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, houses that contain either libraries or archives hardly represent the lowest stratum of society.”
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“His conclusions are vague, but he seems to suggest that the figurines were human votives for the goddess Asherah rather than representations of deities.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, either the exorcists were the sole caretakers of ritual for the non-temple affiliated inhabitants, or the rituals performed by private individuals were not preserved in textual form.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not only are clay figurines common in the archaeological record of the ancient Near East, but they also appear in texts about sympathetic and apotropaic rites in those same cultures over a wide range of time.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These facts, however, do not necessarily make the documents reliable witnesses to the ritual life of Neo-Assyrian Mesopotamia, let alone to that of Judah.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“texts like the series of diagnostic omens explicitly state, -when the exorcist goes to the patient's house.‖56”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, although van der Toorn concedes that no figurines in Israel are demonstrably votives, he proceeds with this argument regardless.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These phrases regularly occur in protective rituals like bīt mēseri and šep lemutti, suggesting that the exorcists did, in fact, make house calls.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To summarize, most of the texts described here mention sympathetic figurines used to remove present or portended evil from a human, with a few figurines functioning apotropaically.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the similarities between the letters describing exorcists' activities and the ritual texts from ancient libraries seems to indicate that the ritual texts do relate to some aspect of lived ritual practice.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors were certainly competent professionals, schooled in a complex literary tradition.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“because many of these rituals are expensive and complicated, the ability of poor populations to access the exorcist's services has been questioned.55”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although the textual evidence indicates that the rituals were performed for the king 54 and that the āšipu worked for the temple”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the following texts were written by and for an educated, professional audience.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus it may be reasonable to assume that where figurines survive in the archaeological record they do not usually represent protection from witchcraft, since the anti-witchcraft rituals destroy the figurines.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpreters cannot assume that clay anthropomorphic images represent high deities, that they depict the main object of the ritual worship or supplication, or that they are human votives.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpreters cannot assume clay figurines were used only by popular levels of society, that they stand outside the realm of state religion, that they were broken for ritual or iconoclastic reasons, or that their presence in a locus is an indicator of heterodox cult space”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpreters cannot assume knowledge of the owner's socio-economic standing based on the figurine style and technological consistency nor can they assume that figurines were cheap objects used once per short ritual and for mundane concerns”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, the texts show that modern interpreters cannot assume, without evidence, that clay figurines in Judah were part of a heterodox religious movement or that they were owned by women or were used solely for women's concerns.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The figurines normally associated with this ritual are moldmade and standardized (see above) making it unlikely that they were produced on the spot by a non-professional rather than a potter or ceramics specialist.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the patient, sometimes even the king, must have been wealthy enough to afford the materials for the full cycle of rituals.117”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while apotropaism is a part of the other two kinds of ritual texts, it seems to be forgrounded in šep lemutti.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conclusion (4.5) proposes that the best interpretation of the Kenyon deposits is that they are either storage/market debris or domestic garbage with a marked shift in popularity from molded heads toward pinched heads from the eighth century to the sixth century.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The salient point is that none of these rituals would be visible in the archaeological record.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interpreters cannot assume that figurines were used only in the household sphere or in permanent household niches, that they were only used by specific members of the household, or that the design was dictated by the population using the figurines or their specific concerns”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore figurines found inside domestic units are probably not the remains of sympathetic rituals which seem to require the destruction or banishment of the substitution; more likely, they represent a combination of exorcist and apotropaic rituals.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the present state of the text, both options must remain open. Either the exorcist constructed the images himself or, more likely, the figurines were constructed by more trained hands under the direction or patronage of the exorcist.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparing and contrasting these three types of texts certain patterns emerge that can be used to test modern interpretations of figurines in general and interpretations of JPFs in particular.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cleary, it is problematic to hypothesize about the specific population that utilized a figurine or to discern that population's unique concerns on the basis of the figurine's design or properties.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, because the Judean figurines are not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, interpretations of those figurines regularly rely upon modern inference and, secondarily, archaeological record.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Judean figurines are not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, any interpretive reasoning that rests on figurines alone is only observing a small part of the ritual and cannot claim that the -cheap‖ production style of the figurines indicates the socio-economic status of their producers or owners.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the particularities of individual ritual needs and archaeological preservation will never provide an exact correlation between text and artifact, it is reasonable to take these Neo-Assyrian documents as reflections of regular ritual practices and logics, and thus, as witnesses to ritual activity in the ninth through sixth centuries B.C.E.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The particularities of individual ritual needs and archaeological preservation will never provide an exact correlation between text and artifact.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These accompanying articles reflect the purpose of the figurine.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible, then, that figurine related rituals required more resources than did other types of curative and protective measures.If so, the technological and artistic properties of extant figurines would not indicate the socio-economic status of their owners.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is possible that when the builders decided to construct Room H, they knowingly limited access to Cave I while both rooms were in use.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Wall 8 was constructed to separate the two rooms, Wall 11 was built in the mouth of the cave, blocking access to the majority of the cave and explaining why the floor levels of Room J are significantly higher than the floor of Cave I.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At least two other caves were found in the immediate area, and all of these caves were incorporated into a series of rooms running along a horizontal rock ledge.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of these theoretical disadvantages and because the Jerusalem excavation reports refer to Holland's typology, Holland's more inclusive system is favored.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If these stones were the remains of a wall, that wall would have reached, at a minimum, the height of floor 965.32, thus explaining the higher elevation of the Room J surfaces, why the floor surfaces did not extend to the floor of the cave, and the diagonal collapse of all the soil layers above the remaining stones.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, it seems clear that the objects in 966.3 were not carefully deposited into Cave I but that they were part of a collapse from outside the cave.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eshel
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a better solution is that of Steiner (ibid., 50), who claims the building was probably abandoned.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the archaeology seems to suggest an inextricable link among the Northern Building, the Southern Building, and Cave I, implying that the cave was blocked by either a guest house or warehouse, depending on whether one follows Steiner or Eshel.”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Southern Building is inextricably linked with Cave I and must be considered in any interpretation of Cave I.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important implication of this hypothesis would be that it meant reduced access to Cave I.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would not preclude the existence of a small scale fire principally affecting room J either before abandonment or after.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in both the Northern and Southern buildings the inhabitants uniformly built architectural elements to incorporate natural caves into the buildings, limiting access to the back of the cave spaces and controlling water accumulation.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the evidence of charcoal, it seems possible that these layers reflect upper floor collapse into the mouth of the cave.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eshel claims that there were three layers of deposit: water laid sterile clay deposits; 36 storage of household utensils; and a large number of pots, stones, and debris that fell during the -violent destruction‖ of the outside structure.”
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Walls 11 and 8, along with the rooms to the east, significantly reduced access to Cave I during the life of the building, making it difficult to imagine the cave as a popular cult center at that time.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is certainly not enough space for humans to access the back of Cave I easily or to engage in cultic rituals within the cave.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Northern Building contained Cave II, while the Southern Building contained Cave III as well as Cave I.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Franken and Steiner note several impediments to their interpretation of Kenyon's work including the great distances between excavation areas, the varying quality of supervisor reports, the loss of crucial plans and sections, and the inadmissibility of certain stratigraphic contexts.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If most of the soil layers sloping into the mouth of the cave were caused by the collapse of Wall 11, then it would make sense that some large stones, possibly from the wall, remained in the collapse near the cave's entrance.”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This phasing reveals the intentional incorporation of Cave I into the building's architectural plan and the shifting access to Cave I during the life of the building.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He argues for multiple phases of use in Cave I and also claims that the building and Cave I were linked.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“like the building outside, Cave I itself evidenced multiple phases of use with different depositions in each phase.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prag concludes that it is unlikely they were deposited whole in the cave; rather, the cave was probably used as a dump sometime prior to the collapse in 966.3.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prag
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The figurines were probably found only in the front hallway (966.3)rather than the west room (966.4).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
For the purposes of this study, most of the contexts that produced figurines are disposal contexts rather than use contexts.
“For the purposes of this study, most of the contexts that produced figurines are considered disposal contexts rather than use contexts.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Certain types of ritual activity and symbolic representations would produce unique and identifiable types of disposal contexts.
“it is here assumed that certain types of ritual activity and symbolic representations would produce unique and identifiable types of disposal contexts.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Each fragment usually represents a different figurine.
“it seems safe to assume that each fragment usually represents a different figurine.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Base and pillar fragments unattached to torsos come from female pillar figurines.
“it is assumed that base and pillar fragments unattached to torsos come from female pillar figurines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Neo-Assyrian textual corpus is sufficiently representative of actual ritual practice to support generalizations about figurine use.
“Together, these ninth through sixth century texts provide a general backdrop for understanding the following three text groups, which will be considered in more detail.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of figurines in rituals for birth and children in the extant texts reflects a real absence in practice rather than a preservation bias.
“Although this could be due to lack of preservation, in Walter Farber's fairly extensive section on related rituals no figurines are mentioned, although there are two rituals requiring inscribed clay cylinder seals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cost of materials required for a ritual indicates the socio-economic status of the client who could afford it.
“Thus, the patient, sometimes even the king, must have been wealthy enough to afford the materials for the full cycle of rituals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The distribution of texts among libraries reflects the professional activities and clientele of the text owners.
“In actuality, the number of rituals texts involving figurines present in the library and temple are dwarfed by those in the exorcist house library.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Neo-Assyrian texts are coterminous with excavated clay figurines from throughout the empire.
“More specifically, Neo-Assyrian texts, coterminous with excavated clay figurines from throughout the empire, provide a wealth of information about figurine style, production, and use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Judean figurines are not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
“Further, because the Judean figurines are not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, interpretations of those figurines regularly rely upon modern inference and, secondarily, archaeological record.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The particularities of individual ritual needs and archaeological preservation will never provide an exact correlation between text and artifact.
“While the particularities of individual ritual needs and archaeological preservation will never provide an exact correlation between text and artifact, it is reasonable to take these Neo-Assyrian documents as reflections of regular ritual practices and logics, and thus, as witnesses to ritual activity in the ninth through sixth centuries B.C.E.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Kenyon did not publish the materials herself nor were they published close to the time of excavation.
“Kenyon did not publish the materials herself nor were they published close to the time of excavation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Within villages and homes, as well as in tombs and a cave in Jerusalem, Judaean pillar-based figurines were common.”
From Women in Israelite Religion: The State of Research Is All New Research (2019) · cites this paper as Darby 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“More than a thousand of these small, simple ceramic pieces depicting a female figure whose arms support her breasts, come from eighth-seventh century Judah (see, inter alia, Kletter 1996; Darby 2014).”
From Women in Israelite Religion: The State of Research Is All New Research (2019) · cites this paper as Darby 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 3.4 Historical validity of the Neo-Assyrian texts
“38 W. Raymond Wood, -Ethnohistory and Historical Method,‖ in Archaeological Method and Theory Volume 5 (ed.Michael B. Schiffer; Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 85-91.”
§ .5 (handmade).
“832. Wood, W. Raymond. -Ethnohistory and Historical Method.‖ Pages 81-109 in Archaeological Method and Theory Volume 2. Edited by Michael B. Schiffer. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1990.”
Citations
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Post-Exilic (Persian) Jerusalem (333 bce)
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0006
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.002.0008
Early Islamic Jerusalem (800 ce)
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0011
Crusader Jerusalem (19 September 1187)
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0012
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.002.0007
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.002.0003
Herodian Jerusalem (March 70 ce)
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0008
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0004
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0013
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.002.0015
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0010
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0005
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0003
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0001
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0002
Magness, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190937805.003.0007
La semántica de la maternidad. Fecundidad, esterilidad y esclavas en el Antiguo Israel
Ortiz, C. C. (2019) · Sefarad · doi:10.3989/sefarad.019-009
The Global and the Local: Making Cultural and Social Choices with Figurines
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.006
Three’s a Crowd: Spectatorship of Figurines
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.004
Images of the Self: Identifying with Figurines
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.005
Fascination with the Tiny: Interacting with Figurines
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.003
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.007
A Question of Intimacy: Miniaturization and Figurines
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.002
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.001
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.009
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.008
(2015) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666534607.349
Langin-Hooper, S. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769020.010
Female participation in Judean family religions
Bosman, H. (2022) · Stellenbosch Theological Journal · doi:10.17570/stj.2022.v8n1.af2
Hays, C. B. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692809.010
The Book of Isaiah in the History of Israelite Religion
Hays, C. B. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692809.012
The Personhood of Children Revealed in Death
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0009
Archaeological Periodization and Chronology
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.002.0006
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0006
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0001
Archaeological Overview of Child Burials in the Bronze and Iron Ages
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0002
Surveying Infant and Child Burials in Iron I Israel and Iron II Judah and Israel
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0005
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.002.0007
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.002.0004
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.002.0005
Surveying Iron Age Infant and Child Burials in Phoenician-Influenced Areas
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0004
Surveying Iron Age Infant and Child Burials on the Philistine Coast
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0003
Children and Infants in Judahite Family Tombs
Garroway, K. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197566718.003.0007
Women’s (and Men’s) Coming of Age
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0005
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0002
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0016
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0017
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0010
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.002.0006
Ackerman, S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809686.003.0001
Metadata
- Authors
- Darby, E.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Darby, Erin
- Venue
- Mohr Siebeck (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2)
- Publisher
- Mohr Siebeck
- Published
- 2014
- OpenAlex
- W2895553882
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.37
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Mohr Siebeck eBooks (publishedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research
- American Center of Research
- University of Oxford
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Historical Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Near East History
- Keywords
- figurines, gender and religion, monotheism, Israelite religion, Assyrian Empire, Jerusalem archaeology, Hebrew Bible
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