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The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
Open accessAbstract
This study describes the chiasm that is embedded within the narrative structure of Psalm 106.The author classifies the psalm as a historical recital of Israel's story, but within the psalm's narrative structure there is a chiasm that emphasizes key parallel elements.These elements draw the reader's attention to the themes of praise, prayer, salvation, rebellion and Moses, to name a few.Psalm 106 focuses on Israel's past failures and Yahweh's generous grace, motifs that highlight the need for repentance and forgiveness in any historical context, but especially in the exilic and postexilic periods.
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TL;DR
Lee Roy Martin argues that Psalm 106, a historical recital of Israel’s story, contains a chiastic structure embedded within its narrative. The chiasm highlights themes such as praise, prayer, salvation, rebellion, and Moses, and supports reading the psalm as a plea for repentance and forgiveness, especially in an exilic or postexilic context.
Key findings
- Martin proposes a five-part outline of Psalm 106: I. Call to worship “Praise Yah!” (1a); II. Thanksgiving and blessing on the righteous (1b–3); III. Prayer for salvation based upon Israel’s story (4–47); IV. Closing word of praise (48a); V. Renewed call to worship “Praise Yah!” (48b). He differs from Hossfeld’s three-part structure (1–5, 6–46, 47–48) by placing vv. 4–5 within the main narrative.
- The proposed chiasm runs from A “Praise the Lord” (1) to A′ “Praise the Lord” (48), with parallel elements including D/D′ prayers for salvation (vv. 4, 47), E/E′ remembrance of God’s חסד רב (vv. 7, 45), F/F′ rebellion (vv. 7, 43), I/I′ Moses (vv. 16–18, 32–33), J/J′ Moses and Phinehas “stood up” (vv. 19–23, 28–31), and K/K′ the land and scattering (vv. 24, 27).
- The narrative in vv. 7–46 includes nine episodes of rebellion, from the exodus to the period of the judges. Martin says the pattern is that Israel rebels, Yahweh judges, Israel cries out, God relents; “repentance happens after, and in response to, the gift of salvation,” not before it.
- The chiasm emphasizes Moses and Phinehas as intercessors who “stand up” (עמד), and it links Israel’s rejection of the “pleasant land” and scattering among the nations to the exile. Martin argues the psalm’s emphasis is not finally on punishment but on Israel’s rebellion, which necessitates punishment.
Methods
- This is an exegetical and structural study of Psalm 106, classifying it as a psalm of historical recital alongside Psalms 78, 105, 135, and 136.
- Martin compares his proposed chiastic outline with those of Robert Alden, Jan P. Fokkelman, Pierre Auffret, and Joachim Vette, and relies on parallels of specific Hebrew vocabulary.
- The analysis is literary and theological rather than empirical; it discusses the psalm’s Gattung, its relationship to Psalm 105, and its possible liturgical and exilic contexts.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations section. It acknowledges that its proposal is “more detailed” than Auffret’s and Vette’s and “relies on the parallels of specific Hebrew vocabulary,” which makes the chiastic outline an interpretive construction.
- Evident from the text: the exilic setting is inferred from v. 47 and from scholarly discussion rather than independently demonstrated. The paper also notes that the monarchy is not mentioned in Psalm 106 and wonders whether an earlier version was later adapted to an exilic audience, a suggestion it leaves as a question rather than a conclusion.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using verbal parallels found in the psalm, I propose the following chiastic structure:”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“My proposal for a chiastic structure is supported by the outlines of both Pierre Auffret and Joachim Vette.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Auffret
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Vette
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In the paper
“Second, despite their differences, Psalms 105 and 106 share an underlying theology.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The juxtaposition of Psalms 105 and 106 in the Psalter is theologically significant and warrants reading them together.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 66
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
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In the paper
“the prayer for salvation (v.4) is repeated in v. 47”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“The two narratives, however, present contrasting versions of Israel's relationship to Yahweh.In Psalm 105, the history Israel is made up of a series of continual victories; but in Psalm 106, the same history consists of repeated episodes of Israel's disobedience.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > INTRODUCTION
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The two psalms, Psalm 105 and Psalm 106, address two different contexts.
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In the paper
“Psalm 105 is the story of powerful miracles and great victories, but Psalm 106 is the story of miserable failures and deep disappointments.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“Psalm 105 is a celebration of Yahweh's mighty works, and Psalm 106 is a prayer for Yahweh's mercy.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“The role of Moses is emphasized in the chiasm, inasmuch as two episodes of the story center on either jealousy towards Moses or the provocation of Moses (I and I′).”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Psalm 105 calls for celebration, but Psalm 106 demands confession and repentance.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Common to all episodes is the fact that the people turn away from God or revolt against the God-appointed leaders.14”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“As is shown above, the idolatry of the judges' period contributes to Israel's downfall (vv.34-44), but the sins that characterized the monarchy, reported throughout 1 and 2 Kings, are not mentioned in Psalm 106.In fact, the monarchy is not mentioned at all in the psalm.32”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psalm 105 is the story of powerful miracles and great victories, but Psalm 106 is the story of miserable failures and deep disappointments.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“Psalm 105 includes no consideration of a rebellious Israel; but Psalm 106 considers little else.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“The third and central section both begins and ends with a prayer for forgiveness and salvation (vv.4-5 and 47).”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Inasmuch as Book IV begins with a psalm attributed to Moses (90) and ends with a psalm that highlights Moses, the Mosaic emphasis of Book IV stands out.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although Psalm 106 is a chronological narrative from verse 7 to verse 46; the structure of the psalm can also be viewed chiastically.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Psalm 105 includes no consideration of a rebellious Israel; but Psalm 106 considers little else.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“It is clear that the community is suffering on account of their disobedience.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psalm 105 is a celebration of Yahweh's mighty works, and Psalm 106 is a prayer for Yahweh's mercy.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“The narration of Israel's story (vv.7-46) includes nine episodes of rebellion, beginning with the exodus and extending to the period of the judges.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“The second section continues the call to worship and expands upon it by affirming Yahweh's covenant commitment ,חסד( v. 1b) and mighty works (v.2).”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Although Psalm 106 does not take the form of a lament, it functions in much the same way as a lament.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“The opening, therefore, suggests a hymn of praise, but the core of the psalm is instead a prayer of confession.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“At the center of the chiasm we find further expansion on the reason for the punishment of Israel (both in the wilderness and in the exile) in their refusal to obey God and enter the promised land (Numbers 13-14), a decision that marked the turning point in the book of Numbers”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although similar to both Auffret's and Vette's outlines, my proposal is more detailed and relies on the parallels of specific Hebrew vocabulary.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Psalm 106, however, is more like a communal lament in its central content.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
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In the paper
“The series of Israel's rebellious acts is accompanied by a corresponding series of Yahweh's judgments.In response to these punishments, Israel cries out to God, and God relents of the punishments.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“This version of Israel's story is filled with their repeated violations of their covenant commitment to Yahweh and the subsequent punishments; but despite Israel's continued rebellion, Yahweh's mercy endures, and Israel is saved time and again.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Both psalms refer to Israel as Yahweh's”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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In the paper
“In addition to the common narrative content regarding the patriarchs, the exodus, and the conquest of Canaan, they contain a number of other verbal parallels.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both psalms ground Yahweh's saving activity in the”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these narratives illustrate Yahweh's generous forgiveness, which is based in the covenant and, more particularly, in his .חסד”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“3. It can lead to a false sense of security.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
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- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge of God is more than propositional truth; it is relational truth.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The psalms, therefore, are sung theology.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
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In the paper
“The thanksgiving psalms recount specific occasions when God intervened in the life of the psalmist to bring help to either the individual or to the community.41”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Gili Kugler reasons, therefore, that the psalmist views the rebellion in the wilderness as the reason for the 40 years of wandering and as a nascent cause for the later Babylonian exile.31”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In its beginning and ending, this type of psalm bears close similarities to what we call the hymns and may even be classified as a hymn or as an expansion of the hymn type.42”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Therefore, praise and repentance are not opposites, but are a twofold appropriate response to the great deeds of God.16”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The verbal parallels in the chiastic structure of Psalm 106 highlight a number of key elements that can easily get lost in the lengthy story of Israel's failures.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Like the prose narratives of the Old Testament, the psalms of historical recital are articulations of Israel's theology, 43 but the psalms are narrative theology set forth in the literary form of lyric poetry.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The theological paradigm is the exodus, which emphasizes Yahweh's attentive response to Israel's cries.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
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In the paper
“Like Psalms 78, 105, 135, and 136, Psalm 106 can be classified as a psalm of historical recital. 2”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psalms 105 and 106 tell the same story from very different perspectives.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The juxtaposition of Psalms 105 and 106 in the Psalter is theologically significant and warrants reading them together.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two types of psalms, however, are more explicitly testimonial in nature: 1. the thanksgiving psalms and 2. the psalms of historical recital.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, Erich Zenger has argued that Psalms 90-106 have a Pentateuchal orientation, emphasizing the role of Moses over David within Israel's story.30”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, Psalms 105 and 106 offer two kinds of testimony for two different contexts.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The juxtaposition of Psalms 105 and 106 in the Psalter is theologically significant and warrants reading them together.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The God of Psalm 106 is a God who is deeply invested in the life of his people and who responds to their prayers, their confessions, their cries, their praises, and their worship.God intervenes with forgiveness and healing.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repentance happens after, and in response to, the gift of salvation.It is not that repentance leads to redemption, but that redemption leads to repentance.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I would state it differently and suggest that each of these two psalms is one-sided, telling the story from a single vantage point.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The psalms of historical recital, however, give more attention to Israel's corporate story and testify to God's saving activity in the history of Israel.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the more somber tone of Psalm 106, the hearer would be expected to experience feelings of grief and sorrow over Israel's past transgressions.Also, the hearer might be moved toward personal humility toward God and might experience deep gratitude for God's gifts of grace and mercy.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2. It does not prepare for God's discipline.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The psalms of historical recital teach us that theological truth can be learned, taught, handed down, and understood in light of experience.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > C THE THEOLOGICAL VALUE OF STORY
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based upon Yahweh's covenant faithfulness in the past, Israel is given the courage and faith to plead for forgiveness in their present context, which appears to be the Babylonian exile (v.47).”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the fact that the prayer for salvation (v.4) is repeated in v. 47 convinces me that vv.4-5 belong with the main part of the narrative.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > B PSALM 106 1 The Structure and Gattung of Psalm 106
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This psalm moves the heart toward confession and repentance; and those who hear Psalm 106 are confident that God will forgive, inasmuch as it portrays God as one who in the past has been longsuffering, kind, and merciful to a rebellious people.38”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 3 The Message of Psalm 106
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Kugler's argument shows that the emphasis of Psalm 106 is not upon Israel's punishment but upon Israel's rebellion, which necessitates the punishment.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > 2 The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Auffret proposes the following chiasm:”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Auffret, 'Étude structurelle du Psaume 106,' 75-96
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a psalm that mocks triumphalism, crushes human self-confidence, and shatters the notion that sinning has no consequences.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Vette proposes the following outline:”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Oeming and Vette, Das Buch Der Psalmen
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although Vette does not present his outline in the form of a chiasm, it clearly bears the marks of a chiasm”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vette
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The one does not wish to be heard without the other.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zimmerli
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself and in the wrong context, Psalm 106 might lead us to believe that obedience is impossible, continual failure is inevitable, and living under the cloud of God's judgment is our unavoidable destiny”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a psalm that mocks triumphalism, crushes human self-confidence, and shatters the notion that sinning has no consequences.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself and in the wrong context, Psalm 106 might lead us to believe that obedience is impossible, continual failure is inevitable, and living under the cloud of God's judgment is our unavoidable destiny”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These dangers can be avoided by occasionally singing Psalm 106”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
In the paper
“This sinfulness leads to a depth out of which only the miracle of God's faithfulness toward his covenant promise can save.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zimmerli
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a psalm that mocks triumphalism, crushes human self-confidence, and shatters the notion that sinning has no consequences.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“4. It invites self-confident boasting.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if we sing only Psalm 106, we open ourselves to a different but still unhealthy version of the faith.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
In the paper
“To put it in the words of Hossfeld, they”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hossfeld and Zenger, Psalms 101-150, 95
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself and in the wrong context, Psalm 106 might lead us to believe that obedience is impossible, continual failure is inevitable, and living under the cloud of God's judgment is our unavoidable destiny”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“as may be seen in this slightly modified version that closely resembles Auffret's outline and my own proposed chiastic structure”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Auffret
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Vette
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“… in the praise of God the two statements are profoundly joined: the magnifying of the unshakable covenant loyalty of YHWH and the public confession of the sinfulness of the history of the people of God, in which its individual members also know themselves to be involved.”
§ The Chiastic Structure of Psalm 106 > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zimmerli
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
The two psalms, Psalm 105 and Psalm 106, address two different contexts.
“Because of their differing perspectives on Israel's history, it seems reasonable to assume that the two psalms address two different contexts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The juxtaposition of Psalms 105 and 106 in the Psalter is theologically significant and warrants reading them together.
“D CONCLUSION: READING PSALM 106 IN CONTEXT WITH PSALM 105”
The paper relies on this without support.
The theological perspectives of Psalms 105 and 106 are normative for contemporary faith communities.
“Therefore, both Psalm 105 and Psalm 106 are needed by the people of God.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Biblical scholars have proposed its use to underscore characterization in narrative passages (Assis, 2002), as a poetic device in the Psalms (Martin, 2018), and to capture ritualistic language in legal documents (McCoy, 2003).”
From Computational Discovery of Chiasmus in Ancient Religious Text (2025) · cites this paper as Martin, 2018
Citations
Cites
Theology of the Old Testament: testimony, dispute, advocacy
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4433 · Cited by 509
Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture
Harrelson, W., & Childs, B. S. (1981) · Journal of Biblical Literature · doi:10.2307/3265541 · Cited by 378
Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture
Zimmerli, W. C., & Childs, B. S. (1981) · Vetus Testamentum · doi:10.2307/1517689 · Cited by 318
The Psalms: Strophic Structure and Theological Commentary
Terrien, S. L. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 207
Theological lexicon of the Old Testament
Jenni, E., Westermann, C., & Biddle, M. E. (1997) · Hendrickson Publishers eBooks · Cited by 165
deClaissé-Walford, N. L., Jacobson, R. A., & Tanner, B. L. (2014) · Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. eBooks · doi:10.5040/bci-00a0 · Cited by 113
A critical and exegetical commentary on the book of Psalms
Briggs, C. A. (2006) · Cited by 99
March, W. E., & Allen, L. C. (1985) · Journal of Biblical Literature · doi:10.2307/3260692 · Cited by 45
New Cambridge Bible Commentary
Keener, C. S. (2018) · Cited by 38
Psalms, Part 1; With an Introduction to Cultic Poetry
Gordon, R. P., & Gerstenberger, E. S. (1989) · Vetus Testamentum · doi:10.2307/1519595 · Cited by 37
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Robert L. Alden, "Chiastic Psalms (III): A Study in the Mechanics of Semitic Poetry in Psalms 101-150," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 21.3 (1978), pp. 201-02.
- Goldingay, Psalms, III, 217, states that Psalm 105 'does on a small scale what the great OT narrative works do on a large scale'. Cf. James Limburg, Psalms. Westminster Bible Companion (Louisville, KY: Westminister John Knox Press, 2000), 365-66.
- Robert L. Cate, 'Psalm 105: The Mighty Acts of God', The Theological Educator 29 (1984): 50.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY Auffret, Pierre. "'Afin que nous rendions grâce à ton nom': Étude structurelle du Psaume 106." Studi Epigrafici e Linguitici 11 (1994): 75-96.
- Alden, Robert L. "Chiastic Psalms (III): A Study in the Mechanics of Semitic Poetry in Psalms 101-150." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 21.3 (1978): 199-210.
- Allen, Leslie C. Psalms 101-150. Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 21; Waco, TX: Word Books, rev. edn, 2002.
- Cate, Robert L. "Psalm 105: The Mighty Acts of God." The Theological Educator 29 (1984): 45-50.
- Limburg, James. Psalms. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville, KY: Westminister John Knox Press, 2000.
- Mays, James Luther. Psalms. Interpretation. Louisville, KY: John Knox Press, 1994.
- Krista Mournet. "Moses and the Psalms: The Significance of Psalms 90 and 106 within Book IV of the Masoretic Psalter." Conversations with the Biblical World 31 (2011): 66-79.
- Mowinckel, Sigmund. The Psalms in Israel's worship. 2 Vols in 1. New York: Abingdon Press, 1967.
- Nysse, Richard William. "Retelling the Exodus." Word & World 33.2 (2013): 157-65.
- Schaefer, Konrad. Psalms. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001.
- Wilson, Gerald H. "Shaping the Psalter: A Consideration of Editorial Linkage in the Book of Psalms." Pages 72-80 in Shape and shaping of the Psalter. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1993.
- Wilson, Lindsay. "On Psalms 103-106 as a Closure to Book IV of the Psalter." Pages 755-68 in Composition of the Book of Psalms, ed. E. Zenger, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 238. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, 2010.
- Zenger, E. "The God of Israel's Reign over the World (Psalms 90-106)," Pages 161-90 in The God of Israel and the Nations. ed. N. Lohfink and E. Zenger. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000.
- Zimmerli, Walther. "Zwillingspsalmen." Pages 261-71 in idem, Studien zur alttestamentlichen Theologie und Prophetie: Gesammelte Aufsätze Band II. Theologische Bücherei 51. Munich: Kaiser, 1974.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computational Discovery of Chiasmus in Ancient Religious Text
McGovern, H., Sirin, H., & Lippincott, T. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 2: Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-short.13 · Cited by 2
The Use and Abuse of Authority: an Investigation of the ἐξουσία Passages in Revelation
Hangyas, L. (1997) · Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/61/
Psalm 106 and Chaos Theory: A Study of Israel’s Covenant Infidelity and Yahweh’s Sovereign Control
Ndoga, S. S. (2023) · Journal for Semitics · doi:10.25159/2663-6573/14338
Computational Discovery of Chiasmus in Ancient Religious Text
McGovern, H., Sirin, H., & Lippincott, T. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.10739
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of South Africa (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Lee Roy
- ORCID
- Martin, Lee Roy
- Venue
- Old Testament Essays
- Publisher
- Academy of Science of South Africa
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1010-9919 (ISSN-L)
- 2312-3621
- OpenAlex
- W2924558564
- Semantic Scholar
- 7c40cddf99b17844d45eab82ae4cdf41f511aa56
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Old Testament Essays (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Poetry Analysis and Criticism
- Keywords
- Psalm 106, chiasm, narrative structure, praise, prayer, salvation, rebellion, Moses, repentance, forgiveness, exilic period, post-exilic period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-03, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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