The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 39 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Residential School Experiences in Drew Hayden Taylor’s Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Tomson Highway’s Kiss of the Fur Queen
Open accessAbstract
In Canada, the residential school system established in the nineteenth century remains a dark chapter in the nation’s history. The schools operated under that system were one of the major instruments used by the government to assimilate Aboriginal people into mainstream Canadian society. Based on the assumption that children were easier to manipulate and control than adults, the residential school system targeted Aboriginal children. As a common theme in Canadian Aboriginal literature, residential school experiences are represented in Drew Hayden Taylor’s Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Tomson Highway’s Kiss of the Fur Queen. The present paper focuses on the traumatic residential school experiences depicted in the two novels as well as their long-term effects. Healing the wounds of history remains a daunting task for the Canadian government.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper reads Drew Hayden Taylor's *Motorcycles & Sweetgrass* (2010) and Tomson Highway's *Kiss of the Fur Queen* (1998) as literary representations of Canada's residential school system, arguing that the schools forcibly severed children from family, identity, language, and culture while exposing them to physical and sexual abuse with lifelong consequences. It frames these fictional depictions against a historical account of the system from its 17th-century missionary origins to the 1996 closure of the Gordon Residential School.
Key findings
- Forced removal from home is shown as compulsory and legally enforced: the Indian Act was amended in 1920 to make attendance mandatory for Indian children aged seven to fifteen, and parents who refused faced legal penalties. In *Kiss of the Fur Queen*, Abraham cites the Indian Agent's "orders" and "the law" as the reason Jeremiah must go at seven.
- Identity was stripped through forced haircuts, European uniforms, re-naming (Lillian/"Mizhakwan" becomes Lillian; Jeremiah's "Champion" becomes Jeremiah; Chugweesees becomes "Jane"), and Christian indoctrination — including a heaven-and-hell chart in which Jeremiah "could nevertheless not find a single Aboriginal person."
- Native language was banned and punished: in *Motorcycles & Sweetgrass*, "words other than English or Latin were unchristian and those who used them were punished severely," and Sammy Aandeg is beaten "practically every day"; in *Kiss of the Fur Queen*, a token contest rewards boys for catching peers speaking Cree. Jeremiah loses Cree after his first year and later "can nevertheless not even understand the basics of Cree."
- Abuse is pervasive: physical (beating, lashing, confinement in a shed) in both novels, and sexual abuse — portrayed only in Highway's novel — with Father Lafleur assaulting both Gabriel and Jeremiah. Long-term effects depicted include Sammy's "shell-shock," nightmares and alcoholism, Jeremiah's sadomasochistic tendencies, and Gabriel's promiscuity and eventual AIDS.
Methods
- Comparative close reading of two novels — Taylor's *Motorcycles & Sweetgrass* and Highway's *Kiss of the Fur Queen* — organized thematically around four topics: forced separation from family, loss of identity, loss of language, and abuse.
- Historical context drawn from secondary sources, chiefly the Truth and Reconciliation Commission reports (*The History*, Parts 1 and 2; *A Knock on the Door*), Miller (1996), Barman et al. (1986), Daly (2014), and Florence (2015), tracing the system from a 1620 Récollet boarding school near Québec City to the 1996 closure of the Gordon Residential School in Saskatchewan.
- Literary-critical sources (McKegney 2005; Buzny 2011) are used to support interpretation of specific scenes, particularly the sexual abuse passages.
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the article contains no explicit limitations section.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is confined to two novels and does not engage other residential school narratives or survivor testimony directly; the historical section relies entirely on secondary and TRC sources rather than archival research; and the treatment of sexual abuse rests on a single novel, so the paper's broader claims about abuse are supported unevenly across its two primary texts.
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Claims the paper makes
58 Own interpretation · 47 No basis given · 35 Sources not found · 12 Not checked yet · 1 Own result
In the paper
“In fact, even for siblings of the same sex, their interaction is constantly monitored and restricted in the schools.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In Kiss of the Fur Queen , the experience of having their hair cut is very traumatic and humiliating for Aboriginal children.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The residential school system made many Native parents feel sad rather than happy about their children's growth, as evidenced in Kiss of the Fur Queen .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the fictional Birch Lake Indian Residential School, the strict gender segregation makes it almost impossible for boys and girls, even brothers and sisters, to communicate with each other.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Due to his refusal to give up his Native tongue, Lillian's cousin Sammy Aandeg suffers constant physical abuse from school staff”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“another horrific type of abuse, namely sexual abuse, is portrayed only in Highway's Kiss of the Fur Queen”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even after discovering his HIV-positive status, he cannot stop repeating his abuse.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the futile process of erasing memories of his abusive experiences, Sammy has become strongly dependent on alcohol, which confirms a direct correlation between alcoholism and residential school abuse.”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, Aboriginal children in Kiss of the Fur Queen are not permitted to speak their own language once they leave home and enter residential school.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Lillian's grandson Virgil, for example, belongs to a generation 'whose knowledge of Anishnawbe was weak or non-existent' (Taylor, 2011, p.150).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011, p.150
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 113
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Early in both novels, the compulsory nature of residential schooling is clearly revealed to the reader.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It revolves around two Cree brothers, Jeremiah and Gabriel Okimasis, who manage to heal from the trauma inflicted upon them by an abusive residential school and fulfill their artistic potentials.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Associating sexual activity with sin and shame, Jeremiah initially chooses to lead an asexual ascetic life.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Motorcycles & Sweetgrass , Lillian undergoes the loss of her own name in the residential school. Christened Lillian by Sister Agnes, she is not allowed to use her Anishnawbe name 'Mizhakwan' anymore, which was given to her by her grandmother.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many years later, after Jeremiah finishes residential school and moves to Winnipeg, he can nevertheless not even understand the basics of Cree.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Placing a hand on the boy's thigh, the principal says, ''There, there. You'll be happy here with us'' (Highway, 2000, p.54).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He uses classical music as a coping strategy to deal with his abuse and immerses himself in playing the piano.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among them, Sammy Aandeg is the most frequent visitor to the shed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the fictional residential schools, child abuse is a commonplace phenomenon.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fortunately, he unexpectedly recovers his Native tongue shortly afterwards.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like Gabriel, he is brutally raped by Father Lafleur on one night, who only gives him a chocolate bar as payment for the abuse.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Near the end of the novel, the reader finds out that Jeremiah is also a victim of sexual abuse when his repressed memory of the traumatic experience returns in a reverie.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both of the selected novels address the topic of physical abuse”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, Gabriel embraces promiscuous homosexuality.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To enter the white world, he strives to become the first Cree concert pianist.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The novel also presents the use of physical punishment for those who continue to speak their Native tongue.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From Kiss of the Fur Queen , the reader learns that many children just blindly followed the Christian rules and customs without a real understanding of the religion.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite having won a major piano competition, he still cannot integrate into white society.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feeling deeply hurt, Gabriel vows to revenge himself on Jeremiah.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, unfortunately, his musical achievement is not valued by many of his own people.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After being caught singing the Cree song 'Kimoosoom Chimasoo,' Gabriel is ferociously lashed by Father Lafleur.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Lillian secretly visits Sammy, who was locked into a shed by Father McKenzie, she is afraid of being caught speaking Anishnawbe with him, and thus switches several times quickly back to English.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two brothers have no alternative but to walk together to school in silence.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both novels, such a separation is an experience of sadness and helplessness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Later while engaging in heterosexual intimacy, Jeremiah can only derive sexual gratification from pain and violence.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Happening to witness Gabriel's rape by Father Lafleur, Jeremiah associates the sexual abuser with the cannibalistic Weetigo, a terrifying monster in Cree mythology.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In order to effectively stop children from speaking their own language, the school authority in the novel implements a contest in which 'the boy who acquired the greatest number of tokens from other boys by catching them speaking Cree was awarded a toy at month's end' (p.63).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites p.63
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prohibition of Native language use is clearly illustrated in Motorcycles & Sweetgrass .”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For the teacher who strives to 'civilize the Native people,' it is completely intolerable that 'this young Indian boy would dare to corrupt what he considered the most beautiful words ever written, by speaking them in a filthy bastard language' (p.171-72).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites p.171-72
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decades after he leaves, he is still tortured every night by nightmares about life in the school.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deeply influenced by his abusive past, Gabriel even chooses a priest and a priestly mentor as his lovers.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Indeed, he struggles to deny the cruel reality: 'It had happened to nobody. He had not seen what he was seeing' (Highway, 2000, p.80).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (Highway, 2000, p.80)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At the residential school in the novel, a special shed is used like a jail for locking up 'Indian boys and girls who misbehaved' (Taylor, 2011, p.11).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011, p.11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 'crucifying' the almost naked Gabriel, they rush off to supper, leaving him alone in the schoolyard.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Taylor writes, he is 'locked in a bygone era, unable to process or cage the memories' (2011, p.254).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (2011, p.254)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In one lesson, Father Lafleur shows the children a large chart illustrating heaven and hell. On the chart, heaven is populated by 'beautiful blond men with feathery wings and flowing white dresses' (p.59), in which Jeremiah can nevertheless not find a single Aboriginal person. By contrast, hell is pictured as the only place where Aboriginal people belong.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites p.59
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Later in the novel, Highway gives a detailed account of Gabriel's sexual abuse at the hands of Father Lafleur.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Kiss of the Fur Queen , the forms of physical abuse include beating, lashing, and close confinement.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once, when he is locked there by Father McKenzie, he is forced to recite all the monologues in Shakespeare's Hamlet to obtain his release.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aboriginal students are constantly at risk of falling victim to physical and sexual abuse.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, he is confused about his identity. He cannot truly fit in either the dominant society or his own Aboriginal society.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In several places in Motorcycles & Sweetgrass , Taylor mentions that most of the younger generations in Lillian's community do not speak their traditional Anishnawbe language.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Believing that their parents will not help them and even 'side with Father Lafleur,' Jeremiah and Gabriel choose to keep silent about their abuse.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When Sammy translates the plays of Shakespeare into Anishnawbe, his own Native language, he greatly irritates Father McKenzie.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only by placing the book just right is Sammy able to read it in the moonlight.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For Jeremiah's sister Chugweesees, the replacement of her illustrious name with the plain Christian name 'Jane' is rather annoying, since it leads the others to identify her with 'the unfortunate halitosis-stricken Jane Kaka McCrae, the most slovenly woman in Eemanapiteepitat' (Highway, 2000, p.71).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000, p.71
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Submitting to the language ban, Jeremiah 'felt a choke breaking against his throat' (Highway, 2000, p.70).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000, p.70
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, Jeremiah is only regarded by the public as an exception.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For fear of punishment, other students only dare to speak their Native language when there are no teachers in earshot.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The shed is cold, dark, and dirty, in which there is neither bed nor food.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as John/Nanabush recounts Sammy's miserable experiences: 'They beat him practically every day. I think to the point it made him kinda crazy' (p.172).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites p.172
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any violation of the language ban would result in brutal corporal punishment.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assimilation process at the residential school makes Jeremiah desire to become a white man.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His promiscuity eventually leads to his contracting AIDS.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both novels, children are forbidden to use their Native language and only allowed to speak English.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When he returns home after his first year at residential school, he loses his ability to speak Cree for a brief time.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like Gabriel, he is brutally raped by Father Lafleur on one night, who only gives him a chocolate bar as payment for the abuse.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon entering residential schools, as evidenced by the two selected novels, children were forced to learn Christianity and perform Christian rituals.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The two selected novels accurately reflect the residential school experiences and practices of Aboriginal children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, in Kiss of the Fur Queen , Jeremiah's Native name 'Champion' is considered invalid by Father Lafleur. The boy is told that his name should be Jeremiah according to the baptismal registry.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deeply traumatized, Jeremiah feels that 'some chamber deep inside his mind slammed permanently shut'.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the residential school Lillian attends, 'words other than English or Latin were unchristian and those who used them were punished severely' (Taylor, 2011, p.10).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011, p.10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is inevitable that the geographical dislocation of the children breaks family ties and severs their connections with their home communities.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The schools operated under that system were one of the major instruments used by the government to assimilate Aboriginal people into mainstream Canadian society.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the forced haircut, the school uniform makes them resemble White children in appearance, thus further destroying their sense of belonging to their own people.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the assumption that children were easier to manipulate and control than adults, the residential school system targeted Aboriginal children.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Children were easier to manipulate and control than adults.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The children's loss of their own clothes signifies their loss of personal identity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In his first and only novel, Kiss of the Fur Queen , Highway deals with the residential school life and its detrimental effects on students in a much more detailed way.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By forcibly stripping Aboriginal children of their language, spirituality, and any other connections to their own culture, residential schools committed an act of cultural genocide, which was destructive to the transmission of Aboriginal culture to future generations.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The legacy of the residential school continues to haunt the small First Nations reserve.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to a lack of government oversight, children were vulnerable to various forms of abuse in residential schools.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By imposing European-style haircuts on the children, school administrators intended to erode their Native identity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“As a common theme in Canadian Aboriginal literature, residential school experiences are represented in Drew Hayden Taylor's Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Tomson Highway's Kiss of the Fur Queen .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A common feature shared by all residential schools is that they stripped students of their identity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the personal experiences of Highway and his brother René , the novel was first published in 1998 and provoked a stir among both Native and non-Native readers.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the novel is mainly concerned with aspects of contemporary life in the Anishnawbe community of Otter Lake, it also offers the reader an insight into the traumatic past experienced by a vanishing generation of people who attended residential school.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Taylor, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many of them, their traumatic residential school experiences radically changed their future lives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The threefold braid, which was a traditional hairstyle for Native people, symbolizes the unity of body, mind, and spirit (Florence, 2015, p.17).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Florence, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like haircutting in the army and prison, the compulsory haircuts removed the children's individuality.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which was destructive to the transmission of Aboriginal culture to future generations.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both Taylor and Highway address Aboriginal children's loss of identity in the residential schools.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this process, he actually re-enacts his abuse.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“frequent physical punishment, experienced or witnessed by them, caused them to become numb to violent acts and lose empathy for their victimized peers.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scene, Gabriel is assaulted not only by the lascivious priest, but also by the seemingly 'living, breathing' Christ.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The residential schools depicted in the above works of fiction severely estrange the characters from their Native roots and inflict tremendous anguish on them.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The foreshadowing of sexual abuse can be seen in Jeremiah's first encounter with Father Lafleur.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subject to a regime of forced assimilation, Aboriginal children in the selected novels undergo the process of losing their individuality and Aboriginal identity.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the long term, they lose another important connection with their family and heritage.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Kiss of the Fur Queen , the violent recreation of the crucifixion scene reflects the children's indifference toward brutality.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stripped of his own language, Jeremiah is unable to speak out his mind clearly. As a result, he appears complicit with the school authority.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having been raped by the head priest of the residential school, Gabriel associates sex with power and control.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He is so powerless that he cannot speak or react to protect his younger brother.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“continued physical abuse provoked their resentment and prompted them to think about running away.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are so brutalized, humiliated, and isolated that they refuse to speak openly about their sufferings.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that Aboriginal culture is usually passed on orally, the loss of language is destined to cause enormous cultural losses to Aboriginal communities.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Aboriginal culture is usually passed on orally.
- Rests on an assumption: Many Aboriginal students gradually forgot their Native language during their long stay in English-speaking school environment.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the sexual abuse he suffered at residential school, Jeremiah has a strong aversion to homosexuality and cannot understand his brother's homosexual lifestyle at all.”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the futile process of erasing memories of his abusive experiences, Sammy has become strongly dependent on alcohol, which confirms a direct correlation between alcoholism and residential school abuse.”
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The formerly close bond between the two brothers is greatly undermined.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Buzny, 'Gabriel's abuse is the genesis for the affective states of his future sexual encounters' (2011, p.8).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Buzny, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the sexual abuse he suffered at residential school, Jeremiah has a strong aversion to homosexuality and cannot understand his brother's homosexual lifestyle at all.”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is remarkable that the traumatic experiences of the characters have lifelong repercussions on them.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the boy becomes conscious of the priest's molestation, his reaction reveals his fear, innocence, and confusion:”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stripped of their own language, children become unable to communicate and express themselves effectively.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Sammy in Motorcycles & Sweetgrass , his repeated experiences of abuse at residential school make him suffer from 'a form of shell-shock' for the rest of his life.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Empowered to take a dominant position in the fictional abusive situation, Jeremiah and his friends become abusers themselves.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a contest causes students to monitor and compete with each other, which destroys their mutual trust and solidarity.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can already be seen above, physical abuse was rampant in residential schools.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The residential schools' complete denial of their culture inevitably influences them to reject their Native heritage.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His words and behavior seem to carry a deep sexual undertone.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The loss of identity directly caused many Aboriginal children to experience an identity crisis later in life, as reflected in Kiss of the Fur Queen .”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Locking children in such a place for a long period of time is actually an indirect way of abusing them.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“As McKegney points out, 'Christ endeavors to force himself into the sanctified space of the boy's mouth, presumably preparing him to pay lip-service to the 'true' religion while renouncing the legitimacy of Cree”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McKegney
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“His abusive past directly results in his sadomasochistic tendencies.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“At this point, I agree with McKegney that the scene offers 'an almost cliché d illustration of the symbolic rape of Indigenous cultures by evangelical Christianity' (2005, p.89-90).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McKegney, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For him, sex is a mere coping mechanism for his memories of abuse, which enables him to feel that '[his] body is still alive' (Highway, 2000, p.207).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Highway, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Kiss of the Fur Queen , the Okimasis brothers' violation by Father Lafleur causes them to deviate from normative sexuality as they enter young adulthood.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is nevertheless a sad fact that many students were unwilling to disclose their abuse, as also shown in the novel.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, he has to face discrimination from both sides.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Children were easier to manipulate and control than adults.
“Based on the assumption that children were easier to manipulate and control than adults, the residential school system targeted Aboriginal children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most Aboriginal children forced to leave home for residential school felt very lonely and homesick.
“Forced to leave home for residential school, most Aboriginal children felt very lonely and homesick.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There were often attempts by some Aboriginal children to run away from residential school.
“There were often attempts made by some of them to run away from school.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If caught and brought back, runaway Aboriginal children would be severely punished.
“But if they were caught and brought back, they would be severely punished.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Native languages were widely viewed as inferior to English in colonialist ideology.
“This mirrors the widespread colonialist view which sees Native languages as inferior to English.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two selected novels accurately reflect the residential school experiences and practices of Aboriginal children.
“Upon entering residential schools, as evidenced by the two selected novels, children were forced to learn Christianity and perform Christian rituals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Aboriginal culture is usually passed on orally.
“Given that Aboriginal culture is usually passed on orally, the loss of language is destined to cause enormous cultural losses to Aboriginal communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Corporal punishment was frequently dished out to children to ensure their obedience and compliance.
“Corporal punishment was frequently dished out to children to ensure their obedience and compliance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many Aboriginal students gradually forgot their Native language during their long stay in English-speaking school environment.
“During their long period of stay in the English-speaking school environment, many Aboriginal students gradually forgot their Native language.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The residential school system effectively broke Aboriginal children's family ties by forcibly removing them from their families.
“By forcibly removing Aboriginal children from their families, the residential school system effectively broke their family ties.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The removal of Aboriginal children from their homes impedes their later reentry into their families and communities.
“It is noteworthy that the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes impedes their later reentry into their families and communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The loss of one's Native language is a painful aspect of the residential school experience.
“The loss of one's Native language is another painful aspect of the residential school experience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The loss of language caused by the schools usually has a multigenerational effect on Aboriginal communities.
“The loss of language caused by the schools usually has a multigenerational effect on Aboriginal communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The painful memories of abuse usually haunt residential school survivors for the rest of their lives and lead them to adopt destructive coping methods.
“The painful memories of abuse usually haunt residential school survivors for the rest of their lives and lead them to adopt destructive coping methods.”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [1][1] Barman, Jean, Yvonne Hebert, & Don McCaskill. (1986). 'The Legacy of the Past: An Overview.' In Jean Barman, Yvonne Hebert, & Don McCaskill (eds), Indian Education in Canada . Vol. 1: The Legacy. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1-22. -
- [3][3] Daly, Kathleen. (2014). Redressing Institutional Abuse of Children. Houndsmill Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. -
- [7][7] Miller, James Rodger. (1996). Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools. Toronto: Toronto University Press. -
- [8][8] Steckley, John, and Bryan David Cummins. (2001). Full Circle: Canada's First Nations. Toronto: Prentice Hall. -
- [10][10] Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Vol. 1. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. -
- [11][11] Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2, 1939 to 2000: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Vol. 1. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. -
- [12][12] Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). A Knock on the Door: The Essential History of Residential Schools from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. <!-- image --> Chengcheng Song was born in Shandong, China in 1987. She majored in MA North American Studies and MA German as Foreign Language at Philipps University of Marburg. Her research interests include literature of the United States and Canada, American cultural studies, foreign language didactics, and German teaching and studies. Her doctoral dissertation is on the teaching and acquisition of grammatical genders of German nouns.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Deshaye, J., & Callanan, A. (2019) · The Journal of Commonwealth Literature · doi:10.1177/0021989419877043
Metadata
- Authors
- Song, C.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Song, Chengcheng
- Venue
- Theory and Practice in Language Studies
- Publisher
- Academy Publication
- Published
- 2018-12-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1575
- ISSN
- 1799-2591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2903237856
- Semantic Scholar
- f15979bd740859b16f1a3681806b12779fe87c35
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Theory and Practice in Language Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Postcolonial and Cultural Literary Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Memory, Trauma, and Testimony
- Keywords
- residential schools, indigenous children, Tomson Highway, Kiss of the Fur Queen, cultural assimilation, trauma, intergenerational effects, healing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Residential School Experiences in Drew Hayden Taylor’s Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Tomson Highway’s Kiss of the Fur Queen. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.17507/tpls.0812.02
- The paper
- Song, C. (2018). The Residential School Experiences in Drew Hayden Taylor’s Motorcycles & Sweetgrass and Tomson Highway’s Kiss of the Fur Queen. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0812.02
