The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Levels of Comparison in Educational Studies: Different Insights from Different Literatures and the Value of Multilevel Analyses
Abstract
Research in the field of comparative education has traditionally focused on studies across world regions and countries. In this article, Mark Bray and R. Murray Thomas argue that this approach often yields incomplete and unbalanced perspectives on educational studies because it fails to consider salient differences among states, districts, schools, classrooms, and individuals. The authors illustrate the need for a broader conceptualization of comparative education and propose multilevel analysis as a more comprehensive model of research that can integrate insights gleaned from single-level approaches.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
On the issues of digital competence in educational contexts – a review of literature
Pettersson, F. (2018) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-017-9649-3 · Cited by 473
Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach
Bartlett, L., & Vavrus, F. (2017) · Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) · doi:10.7577/njcie.1929 · Cited by 346
Venturelli Garay, R. E., & Watt, R. G. (2018) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-018-0314-8 · Cited by 12
Understandings of inclusivity in music education: a comparative policy study of Luxembourg and Japan
Chiba, M., & Hebert, D. G. (2025) · Music Education Research · doi:10.1080/14613808.2024.2434839 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Bray, M., & Thomas, R. M.
- Venue
- Harvard Educational Review
- Publisher
- Harvard Education Publishing Group
- Published
- 1995-09-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-491
- ISSN
- 0017-8055 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-5045
- OpenAlex
- W1827846433
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 13.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Levels of Comparison in Educational Studies: Different Insights from Different Literatures and the Value of Multilevel Analyses. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.17763/haer.65.3.g3228437224v4877
- The paper
- Bray, M., & Thomas, R. M. (1995). Levels of Comparison in Educational Studies: Different Insights from Different Literatures and the Value of Multilevel Analyses. Harvard Educational Review. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.65.3.g3228437224v4877
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
