Towards Understanding Successful Novice Example Use in Blocks-Based Programming
Open accessAbstract
Blocks-based environments are frequently used in settings where there is little or no access to teachers.Effective support for examples in blocks-based environments may help novices learn in the absence of human experts.However, existing research suggests that novices can struggle to use examples effectively.We conducted a study exploring the impacts of example-task similarity and annotation style on children's abilities to use examples in a blocks-based environment.To gain understanding of where and why children struggle, we examined the degree to which (1) children were able to map a task to its corresponding example, and (2) their programming behavior predicted task success.The results suggest that annotations improve task performance to an extent and that mappings and programming behavior can begin to explain the remaining problems novices have using examples.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ichinco et al. showed that novices struggle to use worked examples to solve block-based programming problems.
“In novice programming environment, Ichinco et al. showed that novices struggle to use WEs to solve block-based programming problems [6].”
From Exploring the Impact of Worked Examples in a Novice Programming Environment (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Novices have difficulty in understanding the examples and finding relevant blocks to finish the programming task.
“For example, they found that novices have difficulty in understanding the examples and finding relevant blocks to finish the programming task.”
From Exploring the Impact of Worked Examples in a Novice Programming Environment (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90013-4 · Cited by 2,552 · see citing works
Element Interactivity and Intrinsic, Extraneous, and Germane Cognitive Load
Sweller, J. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9128-5 · Cited by 2,020 · see citing works
Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.122 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy
GENTNER, D. (1983) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(83)80009-3 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Development of Analogical Problem-Solving Skill
Holyoak, K. J., Junn, E. N., & Billman, D. O. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129778 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Programming, Problem Solving, and Self-Awareness: Effects of Explicit Guidance
Loksa, D., Ko, A. J., Jernigan, W., Oleson, A., Mendez, C. J., & Burnett, M. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858252 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 60
- M. Resnick, J. Maloney, A. Monroy-Hernndez, N. Rusk, E. Eastmond, K. Brennan, A. Millner, E. Rosenbaum, J. Silver, B. Silverman, and Y. Kafai, "Scratch: programming for all," Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 60-67, 2009.
- M. Guzdial, "Why the U.S. is not ready for mandatory CS education," Communications of the ACM, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 8-9, Aug. 2014.
- K. J. Harms, D. Cosgrove, S. Gray, and C. Kelleher, "Automatically generating tutorials to enable middle school children to learn programming independently," in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. ACM, 2013, pp. 11-19.
- M. J. Lee and A. J. Ko, "Personifying programming tool feedback improves novice programmers' learning," in Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Computing Education Research. ACM, 2011, pp. 109-116.
- C. J. Butz, S. Hua, and R. B. Maguire, "A web-based Bayesian intelligent tutoring system for computer programming," Web Intelligence and Agent Systems: An International Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 77-97, 2006.
- J. Brandt, P. J. Guo, J. Lewenstein, M. Dontcheva, and S. R. Klemmer, "Two studies of opportunistic programming: interleaving web foraging, learning, and writing code," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2009, pp. 1589-1598.
- J. Brandt, P. J. Guo, J. Lewenstein, S. R. Klemmer, and M. Dontcheva, "Writing code to prototype, ideate, and discover," IEEE Software, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 18-24, 2009.
- B. Dorn and M. Guzdial, "Graphic designers who program as informal computer science learners," in Proceedings 2nd International Workshop on Computing Education Research, 2006, pp. 127-134.
- M. B. Rosson, J. Ballin, and J. Rode, "Who, what, and how: A survey of informal and professional web developers," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2005, pp. 199-206.
- M. B. Rosson, J. Ballin, and H. Nash, "Everyday Programming: Chal- lenges and Opportunities for Informal Web Development," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2004, pp. 123-130.
- P. Gross and C. Kelleher, "Non-programmers identifying functionality in unfamiliar code: strategies and barriers," Journal of Visual Languages & Computing, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 263-276, 2010.
- J. Brandt, M. Dontcheva, M. Weskamp, and S. R. Klemmer, "Example- centric programming: integrating web search into the development environment," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2010, pp. 513-522.
- K. S.-P. Chang and B. A. Myers, "WebCrystal: understanding and reusing examples in web authoring," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2012, pp. 3205-3214.
- J. Stylos and B. A. Myers, "Mica: A web-search tool for finding API components and examples," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2006, pp. 195-202.
- R. Holmes and G. C. Murphy, "Using structural context to recommend source code examples," in Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM, 2005, pp. 117-125.
- O. Hummel, W. Janjic, and C. Atkinson, "Code conjurer: Pulling reusable software out of thin air," IEEE Software, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 45-52, 2008.
- D. Mandelin, L. Xu, R. Bodk, and D. Kimelman, "Jungloid mining: Helping to navigate the API jungle," in Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, ser. PLDI '05. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2005, pp. 48-61.
- N. Sahavechaphan and K. Claypool, "Xsnippet: Mining for sample code," in Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications, ser. OOPSLA '06. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2006, pp. 413-430.
- S. Thummalapenta and T. Xie, "Parseweb: a programmer assistant for reusing open source code on the web," in Proceedings of the Twenty-second IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. ACM, 2007, pp. 204-213.
- Y. Ye and G. Fischer, "Supporting reuse by delivering task-relevant and personalized information," in Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM, 2002, pp. 513-523.
- P. Brusilovsky, "WebEx: Learning from Examples in a Programming Course." in WebNet, vol. 1, 2001, pp. 124-129.
- R. Burow and G. Weber, "Example explanation in learning environments," in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer, 1996, pp. 457-465.
- M. Guzdial and C. Kehoe, "Apprenticeship-based learning environments: A principled approach to providing software-realized scaffolding through hypermedia," Journal of Interactive Learning Research, vol. 9, pp. 289-336, 1998.
- L. Hohmann, M. Guzdial, and E. Soloway, "SODA: A computer-aided design environment for the doing and learning of software design," in Computer Assisted Learning. Springer, 1992, pp. 307-319.
- M. C. Linn, "How can hypermedia tools help teach programming?" Learning and Instruction, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 119-139, 1992.
- M. C. Linn and M. J. Clancy, "Can experts' explanations help students develop program design skills?" International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 511-551, 1992.
- H. Ramadhan, "An intelligent discovery programming system," in Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing: Technological Challenges of the 1990's. ACM, 1992, pp. 149-159.
- A. S. Bruckman, "MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids," Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997.
- K. J. Harms, J. H. Kerr, M. Ichinco, M. Santolucito, A. Chuck, T. Koscik, M. Chou, and C. L. Kelleher, "Designing a community to support long-term interest in programming for middle school children," in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, ser. IDC '12. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2012, pp. 304-307.
- J. Cao, I. Kwan, R. White, S. D. Fleming, M. Burnett, and C. Scaffidi, "From barriers to learning in the idea garden: An empirical study," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2012, pp. 59-66.
- B. Hartmann, D. MacDougall, J. Brandt, and S. R. Klemmer, "What would other programmers do: suggesting solutions to error messages," in Proceedings 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2010, pp. 1019-1028.
- S. Oney and J. Brandt, "Codelets: linking interactive documentation and example code in the editor," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2012, pp. 2697-2706.
- L. R. Neal, "A system for example-based programming," in ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, vol. 20. ACM, 1989, pp. 63-68.
- D. F. Redmiles, "Reducing the variability of programmers' performance through explained examples," in Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1993, pp. 67-73.
- G. Weber and A. Mollenberg, "ELM-PE: A Knowledge-based Programming Environment for Learning LISP." in Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 94-World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 1994, pp. 557-562.
- K. Østerbye, "Minimalist documentation of frameworks," in ECOOP Workshops, 1999, pp. 172-173.
- T. Vestdam, "Generating consistent program tutorials," in Proceedings of NWPER2002-Nordic Workshop on on Programming and Software Development Tools and Techniques, 2002.
- J. M. Carroll, P. L. Smith-Kerker, J. R. Ford, and S. A. Mazur-Rimetz, "The minimal manual," Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 123-153, 1987.
- J. M. Carroll, The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill. MIT Press, 1990.
- J. L. Kolodner, M. T. Cox, and P. A. Gonzlez-Calero, "Case- based reasoning-inspired approaches to education," The Knowledge Engineering Review, vol. 20, no. 03, pp. 299-303, 2005.
- E. Domeshek and J. Kolodner, "Using the points of large cases," Artificial Intelligence for Engineering, Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, vol. 7, no. 02, p. 87, May 1993.
- J. L. Kolodner and M. Guzdial, "Theory and practice of case-based learning aids," Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments, pp. 215-242, 2000.
- M. Ichinco and C. Kelleher, "Exploring novice programmer example use," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2015, pp. 63-71.
- J. Sweller and G. A. Cooper, "The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra," Cognition and Instruction, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 59-89, 1985.
- A. Rourke and J. Sweller, "The worked-example effect using ill-defined problems: Learning to recognise designers' styles," Learning and Instruction, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 185-199, Apr. 2009.
- J. J. Van Merrinboer and M. B. De Croock, "Strategies for computer- based programming instruction: Program completion vs. program generation," Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 365-394, 1992.
- B. B. Morrison, L. E. Margulieux, B. Ericson, and M. Guzdial, "Subgoals Help Students Solve Parsons Problems," in Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education. ACM, 2016, pp. 42-47.
- S. Pongnumkul, M. Dontcheva, W. Li, J. Wang, L. Bourdev, S. Avidan, and M. F. Cohen, "Pause-and-play: automatically linking screencast video tutorials with applications," in Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ACM, 2011, pp. 135-144.
- K. J. Harms, N. Rowlett, and C. Kelleher, "Enabling independent learning of programming concepts through programming completion puzzles," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2015, pp. 271-279.
- M. J. Lee and A. J. Ko, "Comparing the effectiveness of online learning approaches on CS1 learning outcomes," in Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research. ACM, 2015, pp. 237-246.
- S. Surisetty, C. Law, and C. Scaffidi, "Behavior-based clustering of visual code," in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2015, pp. 261-269.
- L. E. Richland, K. J. Holyoak, and J. W. Stigler, "Analogy use in eighth-grade mathematics classrooms," Cognition and Instruction, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 37-60, 2004.
- D. Gentner and C. Toupin, "Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy," Cognitive Science, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 277-300, 1986.
- L. R. Novick and K. J. Holyoak, "Mathematical problem solving by analogy." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 398, 1991.
- S. Hudson, J. Fogarty, C. Atkeson, D. Avrahami, J. Forlizzi, S. Kiesler, J. Lee, and J. Yang, "Predicting human interruptibility with sensors: a Wizard of Oz feasibility study," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2003, pp. 257-264.
- B. A. Spellman and K. J. Holyoak, "If Saddam is Hitler then who is George Bush? Analogical mapping between systems of social roles." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 62, no. 6, p. 913, 1992.
- L. Beckwith, C. Kissinger, M. Burnett, S. Wiedenbeck, J. Lawrance, A. Blackwell, and C. Cook, "Tinkering and gender in end-user programmers' debugging," in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2006, pp. 231-240.
- L. Breiman, "Random forests," Machine Learning, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 5-32, 2001.
- J. Cao, S. D. Fleming, and M. M. Burnett, "An exploration of design opportunities for "gardening" end-user programmers' ideas." in IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2011, pp. 35-42.
- M. Beveridge and E. Parkins, "Visual representation in analogical problem solving," Memory & Cognition, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 230-237, 1987.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exploring the Impact of Worked Examples in a Novice Programming Environment
Zhi, R., Price, T. W., Marwan, S., Milliken, A., Barnes, T., & Chi, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education · doi:10.1145/3287324.3287385 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Parsons Problems for Block-based Programming
Zhi, R., Chi, M., Barnes, T., & Price, T. W. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3291279.3339419 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ichinco, M., Harms, K., & Kelleher, C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Visual Languages and Sentient Systems
- Publisher
- KSI Research Inc.
- Published
- 2017-07-05
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-118
- ISSN
- 2573-7147 (ISSN-L)
- 2575-3916
- OpenAlex
- W3215583323
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Visual Languages and Sentient Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Teaching and Learning Programming
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Spreadsheets and End-User Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Educational Robotics and Engineering
- Keywords
- learning from examples, novice programmers, children, task mapping, self-paced learning, programming education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review