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Cited by 1Insect Pest Control StrategiesMalaria Research and ControlPhytochemical compounds biological activities

Repellency Effects, Cytotoxicity Assessment and Chemical Compositions of Citrus limon Seeds Extracts and Fractions Against Anopheles gambiae sl Mosquitoes

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Adeniyi-Akee, Mukaram Akintunde, Mbachu, Kingsley Adibe, Ibrahim, Kolade, Osamudiamen, Paul Matthew, Oluyemisi Aiyelaagbe, Olapeju, Idowu, Sunday Olakunle, Adegoke, Olajire Aremu·2025·Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology
DOI 10.18502/ajmb.v17i1.17678PMC PMC11910026
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Abstract

Background: Citrus limon seeds have limited exploration, compared to other parts. The increasing prevalence of mosquito menace prompted the investigation into the repellent effects of the seed n-hexane extract and fractions of Citrus limon (Rutaceae) against adult Anopheles gambiae sl mosquitoes. The cytotoxicity and chemical constituents of the 100% n-Hexane Fraction (HF) were also evaluated. Methods: Successive extraction was done with cold-maceration using, n-hexane, Ethyl Acetate (EA) and methanol. The three solvent extracts were screened against Anopheles gambiae sl mosquitos, using human bait method, at doses, 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml and with Deet and acetone used as positive and negative controls respectively. The n-hexane extract was further fractionated with column chromatography. Ten fractions (100% n-hexane, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80% EA in n-hexane, 100% EA, 50% methanol in EA, and 100% methanol) were collected, and all tested at a single optimized dose of 5 mg/ml for 2 hr. The cytotoxicity and the chemical constituents of HF were determined using brine shrimp lethality test and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry respectively. Results: N-hexane extract and HF, both at 5 mg/ml, showed the most protective effect of 97.52 and 89.40% respectively, compared with standard (Odomos Deet) 100% activity, with no significant difference (p>0.05) between the three. HF was toxic with LC50 values of 29.2354 ppm. Thirty compounds representing 79.25% of HF were identified. Major compounds present in the fraction were heptadecanamine (8.31%), N-(3-methylbutyl) acetamide (7.89%), 2-ethyl- 1-hexanamine (6.65%). Conclusion: This promising repellent activity further justified the traditional usage of Citrus limon as mosquito repellent.

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  • The MTT assay assesses mitochondrial activity to indicate cell viability.

    “Cytotoxic potential of the extracts was evaluated using the MTT assay, which measures mitochondrial activity as an indicator of cell viability (Abolhasanzadeh et al., 2024;Adeniyi-Akee et al., 2025;Ali et al., 2026;Zohmachhuana et al., 2022).”

    From PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTS FROM RIPE BANANA (MUSA PARADISIACA L.) PEEL (2026) · cites this paper as Adeniyi-Akee et al., 2025

    The Materials and Methods sections describe a brine shrimp lethality test and counting dead and surviving larvae to assess cytotoxicity (page unavailable). A search for MTT and mitochondrial activity found no passage explaining whether the MTT assay indicates cell viability through mitochondrial activity. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Authors
Adeniyi-Akee, M. A., Mbachu, K. A., Ibrahim, K., Osamudiamen, P. M., Oluyemisi Aiyelaagbe, O., Idowu, S. O., & Adegoke, O. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Ibadan (NG)
  • Bells University of Technology (NG)
Corresponding author
Adeniyi-Akee, Mukaram Akintunde
ORCID
Venue
Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology
Publisher
Knowledge E DMCC
Published
2025-01-25
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
56-63
ISSN
  • 2008-2835 (ISSN-L)
  • 2008-4625
DOI
10.18502/ajmb.v17i1.17678
PMC
PMC11910026
OpenAlex
W4406824418
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
Keywords
lemon, Anopheles gambiae, mosquito repellents, hexane extract, extract fractions, cytotoxicity, brine shrimp lethality, chemical composition, malaria vector control

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