The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 18 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars
Open accessAbstract
are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. Sugars having reducing property react with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride to form characteristic osazones (crystals). These osazones can be correlated with clinical conditions like arabinose in autism, xylose in small bowel disease and galactose in galactosemia. The study aimed to evaluate utility of osazone test to identify sugars by demonstrating characteristic osazone. Study was conducted at Biochemistry department, Shri M P Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat. We selected sugars like glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, lactose, maltose, arabinose and xylose to demonstrate their osazone. All sugars were made available commercially. 2 grams% stock solution prepared of each sugars. Osazone test is performed for each sugar in the boiling water bath and noted down the time for appearing of crystals. Then the shape of osazone of each sugar was examined under microscope. We observed that crystals were appeared at specific interval of time during boiling and cooling slowly after boiling. We found characteristic shape of osazone of sugars under microscope. Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose formed needle shape osazone. Maltose formed sun flower shape osazone. Lactose formed cotton-ball shape osazone. Arabinose formed dense ball needle shape osazone. Xylose formed fine but long needle shape osazone.The study demonstrated characteristic shape of osazone of sugars by performing osazone test. This simple, cheap and less time consuming test can be used to identify and differentiate sugars encountered in clinical practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
18 Own result · 10 Sources not found · 6 Own interpretation · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Galactose | Balls with thorny edge | 10 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Lactose | Cotton-ball | 30 | - | + |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose formed needle shape osazone.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Lactose | Cotton-ball | 30 | - | + |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mannose | Needle | 10 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Xylose | Fine-long needle | 15 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Maltose | Sun flower | 30 | - | + |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Arabinose | Dense ball needle | 15 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Glucose | Needle | 6 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Fructose | Needle | 4 | + | ++ |”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lactose formed cotton-ball shaped crystals and maltose formed sun flower shaped crystals only after cooling slowly in present study”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“galactose in galactosemia [5]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Christie DL. Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978; 92(5):p.725-728
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“xylose in small bowel disease/malabsorption syndrome.[7,8]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Vinod BS, Santhi S, Krithika. Osazones of the Uncommonly Encountered Reducing Sugars. International Journal of Interdisc- iplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies. 2015 ;(2)9:p.24-29.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. Rafi MD. Textbook of biochemistry for medical students. 2 nd ed. Universities press (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2014:p.30.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not performed osazone test on urine samples of patients.So it is difficult to evaluate the factors which can affect the crystal formation in actual diseased condition.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The findings of this study were supported by Vinod BS et al study.[9]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. Chary TM, Sharma HO, editors. Practical biochemistry for medical and dental students. 1 st ed. Noida: Jaypee;2004:p.6-7.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“lactose in lactose intolerance”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Christie DL. Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978; 92(5):p.725-728
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“But since the structure of galactose differs on C-4, that part of the molecule unaffected in osazone formation, it would form a different osazone.[1,16]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 1. Chatterjee MN, Shinde R, editors. Textbook of medical biochemistry. 8 th ed. Ajanta offset & Packagings Ltd:Jaypee;2012:p.23-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] 16. Wilson AM, Work TM, Bushway AA. HPLC Determination of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Potatoes. Journal of Food Science 1981;46(1):p.300-01. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As this study did not involve any kind of intervention to living animals, Institutional Ethics Committee permission was not taken.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > MATERIAL AND METHODS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For more evaluation high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used nowadays which not only differentiate but quantify such sugars.[18]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Osazones of reducing disaccharides are more soluble in hot solution and don't appear during boiling.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 1. Chatterjee MN, Shinde R, editors. Textbook of medical biochemistry. 8 th ed. Ajanta offset & Packagings Ltd:Jaypee;2012:p.23-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] 16. Wilson AM, Work TM, Bushway AA. HPLC Determination of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Potatoes. Journal of Food Science 1981;46(1):p.300-01. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Arabinose is often found to be raised in the presence of intestinal candidiasis, and is commonly found in autistic children.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] 6. Buts JP. One-hour blood xylose test: A reliable index of small bowel function. The Journal of Pediatrics.1978; 92(5):p.729-33.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of HPLC setup osazone testing can be utilized.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Crystal formation observed in pure sugar solutions is representative of crystal formation in clinical samples such as urine.
In the paper
“fructosuria in fructose intolerance/hereditary fructosuria”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Christie DL. Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978; 92(5):p.725-728
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, it is a simple, less time consuming and easily performed in laboratory by technician as compared to HPLC.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“glucosuria in diabetes mellitus”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] 5. Christie DL. Use of the one-hour blood xylose test as an indicator of small bowel mucosal disease. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978; 92(5):p.725-728
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
All reducing sugars form osazones with excess phenylhydrazine when kept at boiling temperature.
“All reducing sugars will form osazones with excess of phenylhydrazine when kept at boiling temperature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Osazones are insoluble.
“Osazones are insoluble.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Crystal formation observed in pure sugar solutions is representative of crystal formation in clinical samples such as urine.
“We did not performed osazone test on urine samples of patients.So it is difficult to evaluate the factors which can affect the crystal formation in actual diseased condition.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > Abstract
“Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose formed needle shape osazone.”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > LIMITATIONS
“| Galactose | Balls with thorny edge | 10 | + | ++ |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
“Lactose formed cotton-ball shaped crystals and maltose formed sun flower shaped crystals only after cooling slowly in present study (refer figure 5 and 6).”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > RESULTS
“Figure 7. Sun flower shaped crystals (Maltose) Figure 8. Cotton ball shaped crystals (Lactose)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
“The findings of this study were supported by Vinod BS et al study.[9]”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > References
“7. Vinod BS, Santhi S, Krithika. Osazones of the Uncommonly Encountered Reducing Sugars. International Journal of Interdisc- iplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies. 2015 ;(2)9:p.24-29.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > DISCUSSION
“We observed dense ball needle shaped and fine-long needle shaped crystals of Arabinose and xylose respectively (refer figure 7 and 8).”
§ Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars > RESULTS
“Figure 6.Fine-long needle shaped crystals (Xylose) Figure 7. Sun flower shaped crystals (Maltose) Figure 8. Cotton ball shaped crystals (Lactose)”
Citations
Cites
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.
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Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Somberg, J. C. (2005) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/01.mjt.0000179344.69594.75 · Cited by 2,123
Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry
Murray, R. K. (1988) · Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) · Cited by 1,223
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level
Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2005) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 616
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
(1987) · doi:10.1016/0307-4412(87)90018-5 · Cited by 200
HPLC Determination of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Potatoes
WILSON, A. M., WORK, T. M., BUSHWAY, A. A., & BUSHWAY, R. J. (1981) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb14589.x · Cited by 181
Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students
(2013) · doi:10.5005/jp/books/12017 · Cited by 153
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry
(2012) · doi:10.5005/jp/books/11486 · Cited by 143
(1988) · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(88)90318-6 · Cited by 134
Practical Clinical Biochemistry: Methods and Interpretations
(2013) · Cited by 69
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [7]7. Vinod BS, Santhi S, Krithika. Osazones of the Uncommonly Encountered Reducing Sugars. International Journal of Interdisc- iplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies. 2015 ;(2)9:p.24-29.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis
(2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394203680.ch08 · Cited by 13
(2021) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822007-8.00007-6 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- (Biochemistry), D. O. B., & MD, D. T. S.
- Affiliations
- M. P. Shah Medical College (IN)
- Corresponding author
- MD, Dr Tejas Shah
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research
- Publisher
- Valley International
- Published
- 2016-12-06
- Volume
- 04
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 14361-14365
- ISSN
- 2347-176X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2559979569
- Semantic Scholar
- b26a1b80300d9df4fa80e78af50f0072cc9db52c
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis
- Keywords
- sugar, carbohydrate identification, phenylhydrazine, arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, lactose, maltose, crystal morphology
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- The paper
- (Biochemistry), D. O. B., & MD, D. T. S. (2016). Utility of Osazone Test to Identify Sugars. Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.14
