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Scientific Certainty in a Time of Uncertainty: Predicting Vulnerability of Canada's First Nations to Pandemic H1N1/09
Open accessAbstract
On June 11, 2009, the Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Margaret Chan, announced that the scientific evidence indicated that the criteria for an influenza pandemic had been met: pandemic H1N1/09 virus, the first in nearly 40 years, was officially upon us. The World Health Organization has estimated that as many as 2 billion or between 15 and 45 percent of the population globally will be infected by the H1N1/09 virus. Scientists and governments have been careful to walk a line between causing mass public fear and ensuring people take the risks seriously. The latest information indicates that the majority of individuals infected with the H1N1/09 virus thus far have suffered mild illness, although very severe and fatal illness have been observed in a small number of cases, even in young and healthy people (World Health Organization 2009c). There is no evidence to date that the virus has mutated to a more virulent or lethal form; however, as we enter the second wave of the pandemic, a significant number of people in countries across the world are susceptible to infection. Most importantly, certain subgroups have been categorized as high risk given the clinical evidence to date. One of these subgroups is Indigenous populations (World Health Organization 2009c).
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“These administrative decisions were made without informed data on substance use being reviewed or accounted for.”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Spence and White, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Nation-specific disaggregated data collected in previous pandemics have been nearly absent, collected without community input, or used to perpetuate racial stereotypes or inequities (Spence and White, 2010; Wong, 2020; Wyton, 2020).”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Spence and White, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“For example, administrative decisions to delay sending alcohol-based gel sanitizer during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic to First Nations communities was based on paternalistic approaches and the unfounded assumption that the gel may be ingested by individuals (Spence and White, 2010).”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Spence and White, 2010
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Citations
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Cited by
Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada
Hayward, A., Wodtke, L., Craft, A., Robin, T., Smylie, J., McConkey, S., Nychuk, A., Healy, C., Star, L., & Cidro, J. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100899 · Cited by 69
“For example, administrative decisions to delay sending alcohol-based gel sanitizer during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic to First Nations communities was based on paternalistic approaches and the unfounded assumption that the gel may be ingested by individuals (Spence and White, 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Spence, N., & White, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Spence, Nicholas
- Venue
- International Indigenous Policy Journal
- Published
- 2010-10-28
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1916-5781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2128391928
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Indigenous Policy Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
- Keywords
- First Nations, Indigenous health, vulnerability, vulnerable populations, public health policy, scientific uncertainty, Indigenous peoples of Canada
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Scientific Certainty in a Time of Uncertainty: Predicting Vulnerability of Canada's First Nations to Pandemic H1N1/09. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.18584/iipj.2010.1.1.1
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- Spence, N., & White, J. P. (2010). Scientific Certainty in a Time of Uncertainty: Predicting Vulnerability of Canada's First Nations to Pandemic H1N1/09. International Indigenous Policy Journal. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2010.1.1.1
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
