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How Good is Your Tokenizer? On the Monolingual Performance of Multilingual Language Models
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Phillip Rust, Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Sebastian Ruder, Iryna Gurevych. Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2021.
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“increasing inference cost and compressing effective context windows (Rust et al., 2021; Petrov et al., 2024).”
From Writing-System-Level Tokenizer Adaptation for Byte-Level BPE (2026) · cites this paper as Rust et al., 2021
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Paramarta, M. M. A., Dwiyansaputra, R., & Rassy, R. P. (2025) · Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Komputer dan Aplikasinya (JTIKA ) · doi:10.29303/jtika.v7i2.482 · Cited by 1
Alav, S., Daş, B., & Benli, K. S. (2025) · International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK) · doi:10.1109/ubmk67458.2025.11207074
Large Language Models in Drug Discovery
Gangwal, A., & Lavecchia, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98022-0_14
Judge the Votes: a System to Classify Bug Reports and Give Suggestions
Dinç, E., & Tüzün, E. (2025) · ACM International Conference on AI-Powered Software (AIware) · doi:10.1109/aiware69974.2025.00025
Continual Pretraining of a Small Language Model on Cuban Spanish Corpora
Estevanell-Valladares, E. L., Estévez-Velarde, S., Piad-Morffis, A., Almeida-Cruz, Y., Varela, A. B., Valera, C. S. P., Pérez, D. A. V., Rodríguez, D. F., Horta, E. R., Rodríguez, G. H., et al. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11358-0_11
BEAST: BYTE-WISE EMBEDDING ARCHITECTURE FOR SEMANTIC TRANSFERPreprint
Palomo-Alonso, A., Jiménez-Fernández, S., Portilla-Figueras, A., & Salcedo-Sanz, S. (2026) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.177220385.59586322/v1
HelBERT: A BERT-Based Pretraining Model for Public Procurement Tasks in Portuguese
Lima, W. E. M., Silva, V. R. D., da Silva, J. C., Rabêlo, R. A. L., & de Paiva, A. C. (2026) · Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society · doi:10.5753/jbcs.2026.5511
Encoding Fidelity and Coherent Misalignment in Non-English Clinical AIPreprint
M, L. M. (2026) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202604.0061.v1
Neural methods for spoken dialogue understanding
Chapuis, É. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1fc9d449zab9az41c9zaa43z5f3ca7ec8ba4
Improving Representations for Language Modeling
Godey, N. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b6a15d0ez15bez43e5za967z16a069e0a8bb
LLMic: Building a Romanian Foundation Language Model
Bădoiu, V.-A., Gherghescu, A. M., Agache, A., Dumitru, M.-V., & Raiciu, C. (2025) · International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC) · doi:10.1109/synasc69064.2025.00031
Ariel, D., Grumberg, L. R., Supakul, S., Wannasri, S., Mitchnik, I. Y., Lev, A., Ariyamethanon, W., Agbarieh, M., Miari, S., Laban, G., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.09.26352813
Zhang, W., Du, Q., Feng, Z., Fan, Z., Tian, F., Zhou, Y., & Tao, Y. (2026) · International Conference on Generative Artificial Intelligence and Information Security (GAIIS) · doi:10.1109/gaiis69281.2026.11519207
Hasan, U., & Nayeem, M. A. (2026) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math14111849
The analysis of customized tokenizer for the development of isiNdebele language model
Malatji, P. T., & Modipa, T. I. (2026) · IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CAI) · doi:10.1109/cai68641.2026.11536371
Arystanbekov, B., Maxutov, A., Nurimanov, A., & Varol, H. A. (2026) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc10060192
Phonemes to the Rescue: Multilingual Tokenization Based on International Phonetic Alphabet
Miletić, M., Kallini, J., & Shutova, E. (2026) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1872
Metadata
- Authors
- Rust, P., Pfeiffer, J., Vulić, I., Ruder, S., & Gurevych, I.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)
- Published
- 2021
- Pages
- 3118-3135
- OpenAlex
- W3120253119
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31
- FWCI
- 15.94
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (648909)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech Recognition and Synthesis
- Keywords
- tokenization, multilingual language models, multilingual tokenization, language model evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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