The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphs
Open accessAbstract
Dheeru Dua, Yizhong Wang, Pradeep Dasigi, Gabriel Stanovsky, Sameer Singh, Matt Gardner. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 2019.
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“our agents improve F1 scores on reading comprehension tasks in DROP (Dua et al., 2019) by 13.6 /100”
From Automated Design of Agentic Systems (2024) · cites this paper as Dua et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n19-1423 · Cited by 54,325 · cited 4×
“For example, BERT, the current state-of-the-art on SQuAD, drops by more than 50 absolute F1 points.”
MethodInfluentialGlove: Global Vectors for Word Representation
Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1162 · Cited by 34,071 · cited 2×
“We also add context-specific rules to produce strings occurring in both question and paragraph, and those paragraph strings that are neighbors of question tokens in the GloVe embedding space (Pennington et al., 2014), up to a cosine distance of d .”
MethodDeep Contextualized Word Representations
Peters, M., Neumann, M., Iyyer, M., Gardner, M., Clark, C., Lee, K., & Zettlemoyer, L. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1202 · Cited by 11,983 · cited 2×
“We test four different SQuAD-style reading comprehension models on DROP: (1 (Peters et al., 2018) to the original embeddings (78.7% EM); (4) BERT (Devlin et al., 2018), which recently achieved improvements on many NLP tasks with a novel pre-training technique (84.7% EM).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text
Rajpurkar, P., Zhang, J., Lopyrev, K., & Liang, P. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d16-1264 · Cited by 6,208 · cited 1×
“Question answering datasets: With systems reaching human performance on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) (Rajpurkar et al., 2016), many follow-on tasks are currently being proposed.”
MethodA large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference
Bowman, S. R., Angeli, G., Potts, C., & Manning, C. D. (2015) · Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d15-1075 · Cited by 3,377 · cited 3×
“…et al., 2018; Kaushik and Lipton, 2018) has identified that popular synthetic NLP datasets (such as SQuAD (Ra-jpurkar et al., 2016) or SNLI (Bowman et al., 2015)) are prone to have artifacts and annotation biases which can be exploited by supervised algorithms that learn to pick up these…”
BackgroundInfluentialKnow What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD
Rajpurkar, P., Jia, R., & Liang, P. (2018) · Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/p18-2124 · Cited by 2,240 · cited 2×
“, 2018; Talmor and Berant, 2018), mismatched passages and questions (Saha et al., 2018; Kociský et al., 2018; Rajpurkar et al., 2018), integrating knowledge from external sources (Mihaylov et al.”
BackgroundHotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering
Yang, Z., Qi, P., Zhang, S., Bengio, Y., Cohen, W., Salakhutdinov, R., & Manning, C. D. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1259 · Cited by 1,804 · cited 2×
“…challenge, around tracking conversational state (Reddy et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2018), requiring passage retrieval (Joshi et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018), mis-matched passages and questions (Saha et al., 2018; Kocisk´y et al., 2018; Rajpurkar et al., 2018), integrating knowledge from…”
BackgroundBidirectional Attention Flow for Machine ComprehensionPreprint
Seo, M. J., Kembhavi, A., Farhadi, A., & Hajishirzi, H. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1611.01603 · Cited by 1,698 · cited 3×
“…instructions given to workers, and partially through the use of an adversarial baseline : we ran a base-line reading comprehension method (BiDAF) (Seo et al., 2016) in the background as crowd workers were writing questions, requiring them to give questions that the baseline system could not…”
MethodInfluentialTriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
Joshi, M., Choi, E., Weld, D., & Zettlemoyer, L. (2017) · Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/p17-1147 · Cited by 1,690 · cited 2×
“…to the reading comprehension challenge, around tracking conversational state (Reddy et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2018), requiring passage retrieval (Joshi et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018), mis-matched passages and questions (Saha et al., 2018; Kocisk´y et al., 2018; Rajpurkar et al., 2018),…”
BackgroundCan a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering
Mihaylov, T., Clark, P. E., Khot, T., & Sabharwal, A. (2018) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1260 · Cited by 1,602 · cited 1×
“, 2018), integrating knowledge from external sources (Mihaylov et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019), tracking entity state changes (Mishra et al.”
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ProofsNavigator: A Bootstrap Base Method for Explainable Knowledge Reasoning
韦, 泽. (2024) · Computer Science and Application · doi:10.12677/csa.2024.147159
Towards Complex Question Answering in Polish Language
Wojtasik, K., Domagała, A., Oleksy, M., & Piasecki, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09318-9_18 · Cited by 1
RBLU: A Benchmark to Evaluate the Reverse Inference Ability of Large Language Models
Wang, H., Wang, F. B., Deng, S., Liu, L., & Liu, X. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4158-4_6
An electronic product carbon footprint dataset for question answering
Zhao, K., Chathoth, A. K., Balaji, B., & Lee, S. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-06544-5
“However, the effectiveness of such models requires well-annotated training datasets, which serve as the foundation for their ability to reason effectively and generate reliable outputs 19 .”
Xia, B., Xu, Z., Yu, J., & Wang, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6177395
Self-citationQuestion Answering with Hybrid Data and Models
Kamath, S. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/49d4e33bz05d5z4121z9d7azef3162487087
Yang, K., Liu, D., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Synthesis lectures on human language technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06264-2_10
Vers la mitigation des biais en traitement neuronal des langues
Berre, G. L. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f37c3802z821az4a6dzb877zf631994cacd5
Employing Transformers and Humans for Textual-Claim Verification
Saeed, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3e02a3a6z8281z4d84z8f38ze617eaaf969b
Cho, H., Yoo, G., Kim, H., & Lee, J.-Y. (2026) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl.a.788
Model Merging to Evolution: Parameter Space Exploration for Expert Models
Wang, C., Guo, Y., Tan, Z., Wang, G., Ma, Y., Duan, Q., & Wu, P. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-36217-9_27
Han, Q., Guo, S., Zhao, C., Yang, S., Ren, X., & Wang, L. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3710272
Fu, Y., Zhou, Z., Huang, C., Wang, J., Zeng, B., Dongke, H., Wang, X., Hong, W., & Fan, J. (2026) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3770854.3783937
Data and Knowledge Dual-Driven Text Embedding Approaches: A Survey
Chen, X., 詹佳青, Lin, J., Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Chen, J., & Chen, H. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2026.3721883
Huang, Y., Jiang, W., & Ye, Y. (2026) · Quality and Reliability Engineering International · doi:10.1002/qre.70358
Miao, K., Li, J., Chen, H., Hu, Y., & Qin, Z. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37673-2_11
Savant, S., Deshpande, U. U., & D’Silva, J. (2026) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01750-x
“Among these, Question Answering (QA) systems have proven to be a critical NLP application that uses natural language queries to provide quick and easy access to information [1–4].”
The Evolution of Question Generation: Analyzing the Impact of Large Language Models
Bhakuni, P., Singh, G. B., Punia, A., Suyal, H., & Sharma, N. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70133
“…criteria include span faithfulness and abstention calibration (SQuAD/NewsQA), rewrite quality and an-swerability under noise (Bajaj et al. 2016), logical consistency in reasoning and comparison accuracy (Yang et al. 2018), and operation soundness for numerical questions (Dua et al. 2019).”
InfluentialMohammed, M. B. R. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39783-6_9
Recursive Think-Answer Process for LLMs and VLMs
Lee, B.-K., Chee, Y., & Ro, Y. M. (2026) · 2026 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition- FINDINGS Track (CVPRF) · doi:10.1109/cvprf71909.2026.00920
“General: GPQA Diamond [69], Su-perGPQA [25], DROP [26], MMLU-Pro [82], IF-Eval [103]; Math: MATH500 [3], AIME2024 [65], AIME2025 [65]; Code: Live-CodeBench v5, v6 [43].”
Grattafiori, A., Dubey, A., Jauhri, A., Pandey, A., Kadian, A., Al-Dahle, A., Letman, A., Mathur, A., Schelten, A., Vaughan, A., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.21783 · Cited by 505
Self-citationA Dataset for Answering Time-Sensitive Questions
Chen, W., Wang, X., & Wang, W. Y. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.06314 · Cited by 40
Investigating the Limitations of Transformers with Simple Arithmetic Tasks
Nogueira, R., Jiang, Z., & Lin, J. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.13019 · Cited by 29
“Datasets such as DROP (Dua et al., 2019), EQUATE (Ravichander et al., 2019), or Mathematics Questions (Saxton et al., 2018) test numerical reasoning; they contain examples that require com-2 paring, sorting, and performing other complex mathematical tasks.”
BackgroundMethodA Dataset of Information-Seeking Questions and Answers Anchored in Research Papers
Dasigi, P., Lo, K., Beltagy, I., Cohan, A., Smith, N. A., & Gardner, M. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.03011
“Some examples include SQuAD (Rajpurkar et al., 2016), TriviaQA (Joshi et al., 2017), NarrativeQA (Koˇciský et al., 2018), WikiHop (Welbl et al., 2018), HotpotQA (Yang et al., 2018), CoQA (Reddy et al., 2019), DROP (Dua et al., 2019), Q UOREF (Dasigi et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Gemini Team, Georgiev, P., Lei, V. I., Burnell, R., Bai, L., Gulati, A., Tanzer, G., Vincent, D., Pan, Z., Wang, S., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.05530 · Cited by 306
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dua, D., Wang, Y., Dasigi, P., Stanovsky, G., Singh, S., & Gardner, M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)
- Published
- 2019
- Pages
- 2368-2378
- OpenAlex
- W2919420119
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 32
- FWCI
- 27.26
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- reading comprehension, benchmark, question answering
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