The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 16 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Relaciones interétnicas de los curanderos en el suroccidente colombiano
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper maps the interethnic learning networks of curanderos (healers) in southwestern Colombia, arguing that healers frequently train across ethnic boundaries and that three linked "schools" of curanderismo can be identified. It also documents the Inga and Camsa of the Sibundoy valley as curandero-merchants who distribute medicinal plants and ritual goods across the region.
Key findings
- Three interlinked schools of curanderismo are identified in southwestern Colombia: the Cholos school (extending into the Pupensa valley around Popayán, Cauca); the Paez school (influencing Guambianos, Totoroes, Yanaconas, Coconucos, Coyaima and Natagaima, and peasants of Huila and the Pupensa valley); and the Putumayo department school (including or influencing Coreguaje, Makaguaje, Inga, Camsa, Yanacona, Nariñenses, Huilenses, Tolimenses and, recently, the Paez).
- The authors propose two complementary explanations for cross-ethnic healing apprenticeships: the "thesis of exotism" (peoples mystify the foreign/other, regardless of whether the exotic is deemed inferior or superior) and the "thesis of catastrophes" (500 years of demographic and other catastrophes left groups without renowned healers, so they turned to outside experts, made possible by Hispanic peace and Spanish as a contact language).
- A recent example of the catastrophe thesis: after a massive landslide devastated the Paez river basin in 1994, Paez Indians doubted their own healers (whose coca-derived signs had failed to predict the disaster) and contacted Inga healers; an Inga healer flew to Paez territory with his plants and ritual objects in an executive suitcase, with contacts organized and financed by an indigenous organization.
- The paper reports that the Inga of the Sibundoy valley (about 7,000 people, Quechua speakers) and the Camsa (about 3,500 people, isolated language) act as curandero-merchants; each Inga merchant carries between 20 and 35 classes of medicine, and in 1985 around 25 Camsa were in this trade, with up to eleven stalls at the Medellín fair. The Inga genealogy presented traces the medicinal-plant trade to the second half of the 19th century.
- The authors state their data contradict Henman's (1981, 1986) postulate that an ethnic group using coca does not use yagé and vice versa.
Methods
- Design: ethnographic fieldwork combined with a review of the ethnographic literature to identify parallel cases of interethnic healer networks (e.g., Siona, Desana, Quijos, Jivaro, Colorados, north coast of Peru, Shipibo-Conibo).
- Data: the authors' own field research, first compiled in 1985 and revisited twelve years later, plus a genealogy of the Inga Jansasoy family and historical documents (e.g., André 1884; Ramirez 1996).
- Analysis: interethnic learning links are summarized in a map naming the apprentice healer or group of origin and the ethnic group where the study was undertaken; a four-cell table (one/many teachers × own/other group) is used to classify learning relations, with the Mapuche cited as an example of learning within one's own group and vision-based learning without a teacher as another possibility.
Limitations
- The paper states it does not wish to deepen the question of influences between the cosmologies of different peoples, since other participants address that topic.
- The authors note the genealogy could be expanded, completed and corrected by adding those of other families.
- The authors acknowledge the Inga/"Blancas" opposition table is only basically correct, since the pairs are weak (Inga sellers are sometimes women, only part of their plants have indigenous names, and not all medicines come from far away).
- Evident from the text: the article is a partial, regionally bounded compilation (southwestern Colombia) and its historical claims rest on scattered documents and a single 1884 citation for women traders.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
22 Own result · 11 Sources not found · 11 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 2 Not checked yet
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La tercera es la escuela del departamento Putumayo, que incluye o influye a 10s Coreguaje, Makaguaje, Inga, Camsa, Yanacona, Nariiienses, Huilenses, Tolimenses y, desde hace poco, tambiCn a 10s Paez.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero estas seiias no alcanzaron a pronosticar el desastre.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Los curanderos Paez suelen interpretar las señas que les proporciona el uso de la coca.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En las ciudades y pueblos del Suroeste de Colombia 10s Inga ofrecen su mercancia en la periferia del mercado, sobre una mesa baja improvisada, sea un catre o tablas.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Segun esta genealogia el comercio de 10s Inga con plantas medicinales se remonta a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
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In the paper
“La segunda es la escuela Paez, que influye a 10s Guambianos, 10s Totoroes, 10s Yanaconas, 10s Coconucos, 10s Coyaima y Natagaima y a 10s campesinos de Huila y del valle de Pupensa.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“De esa manera abastecen tanto a curanderos de otras regiones como al public0 en general.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Es notable y novedoso que estos contactos fueran establecidos y financiados por una organizaci6n indigena.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La primera es la escuela de 10s Cholos, que se extiende hacia el valle de Pupensa, en 10s alrededores de la ciudad Popayin, departamento de Cauca.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
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In the paper
“Existen tres escuelas de curanderismo vinculadas entre si.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cada comerciante tiene entre 20 y 35 medicinas de esta clase (vCase fotos en Faust y Schindler 1988).”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Faust y Schindler 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El primer0 de esta estirpe fue el finado Benito Jansasoy (nlimero 1 en el esquema adjunto con la genealogia), que tenia un domicilio en Ortega, Tolima, y era renombrado entre 10s curanderos de 10s Coyaima y Natagaima como maestro.”
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Santiago se encuentra junto a la carretera interdepartamental.Sus comerciantes monopolizan las mejores regiones.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
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In the paper
“Asi, un Inga re-nombrado por su sabiduria viaj6 en avidn a la tierra de 10s Paez y trajo sus plantas y parafemalia, es decir 10s objetos rituales, en una maleta de ejecutivos.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esa cita es la unica que indica que tambiCn dos mujeres solas solian emprender el largo viaje del piedemonte hacia Pasto.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En el Sur del departamento Tolima, por ejemplo, predominan la familia Jansasoy y sus afines.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Los Inga son dados a afirmar que todas sus plantas medicinales vienen del Putumayo selvhtico, a pesar de que la mayori'a de ellas proviene del irea andina, como por ejemplo la mecha (Favillea cordifloria), el chondur (Cyyerus spp.) o la zaragoza.”
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In the paper
“Como se mencion6, 10s Inga del valle de Sibundoy no se desenvuelven solo como curanderos-maestros, sino tambiCn como curanderos-comerciantes.”
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In the paper
“Los nombres de estas plantas se derivan sobre todo del espaiiol, aunque Sean aut6ctonas.”
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“AdemBs, 10s Camsa empezaron con sus ventas en las calles de la capital de Colombia y se expandieron a otras ciudades grandes.”
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In the paper
“En 1985 habia alrededor de 25 Camsa en este negocio con hasta once puestos en la feria de Medellin, por ejemplo.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
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In the paper
“Una situaci6n particular la encontramos en Cali.En un cruce de carreteras habia (y hay tal vez todavia) en tres de las casas esquinas una drogueria, para hablar en colombiano, o sea una farmacia.Varios Inga habian construido sus puestos a lo largo de las murallas de las casas, mientras 10s puestos de 10s comerciantes blancos de hierbas medicinales estaban en la carretera orillando la vereda.”
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In the paper
“Hoy en dia no solo 10s Inga son comerciantes-curanderos, sino tambien 10s Camsa, lo que habia pasado inadvertido hasta ahora.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mientras 10s Inga ocupan 10s mercados de 10s diferentes pueblos, 10s Kamsi encontraron su lugar en las ferias artesanales que se celebran por turnos en muchos rincones del pais.”
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Estas oposiciones son bisicamente correctas, per0 las pares son dkbiles, pues 10s vendedores Inga a veces son mujeres, solo parte de sus plantas tiene un nombre indigena y no traen todas sus medicinas desde lejos, aunque varias hierbas medicinales hay que buscarlas montaiia arriba o abajo en lugares que estin a horas de camino.”
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A causa de esto, en un momento dado ya no habia curanderos renombrados dentro un grupo y por esto se dirigian a expertos de otros.”
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“De ellos depende todo el curanderismo de la escuela Inga.”
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In the paper
“Las pocas menciones a esta actividad en la literatura etnogrifica no ofrecen detalles (Pinz6n 1992;Taussig 1980Taussig , 1982Taussig , 1984) ) y por eso queremos extendernos algo sobre este asunto.”
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What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pinzón 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Taussig 1980, 1982, 1984
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“Es decir, 10s alemanes desempeiian un papel parecido al de 10s sabios de India y Tibet entre 10s esotkricos de 10s llamados paises desarrollados.”
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plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Por supuesto ambas, porque no se contradicen.En cualquier caso concreto, las dos razones pueden entrar en juego para dirigirse a 10s otros, a los de afuera.”
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In the paper
“Esto se puede llamar la tesis del exotismo.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 1. PARTE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Estos indigenas se ocuparon como cargueros para comerciantes espaiioles y como comerciantes independientes.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ramírez 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“Ramirez concluye: Se hace explicita la preferencia que se tiene por 10s sibundoy como cargueros, por tener experiencia en ello.Cipolerti (1988), Langdon (1981) y Seijas (1969) estin de acuerdo en seiialar el papel de 10s grupos indigenas del Valle de Sibundoy en la estruc-turaci6n de una red de intercambio entre los grupos de tierras altas y aquellos de tierras bajas.( 1996: 109)”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ramírez 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Cipolletti 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Langdon 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sucedi6, probablemente a pedido de 10s clientes mismos, que 10s Camsa agregaron remedios y empezaron a efectuar curaciones.”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper relies on this without support.
España ofrece en muchos casos la lengua de contacto entre los grupos indígenas.
“Ademis Espaiia ofrece en muchos casos la lengua de contacto.”
The paper relies on this without support.
En 1994 una avalancha gigantesca de tierra devastó la cuenca del río Paez.
“En el aiio 1994 una avalancha gigantesca de tierra desvast6 la cuenca del rio Paez.”
The paper relies on this without support.
La presencia de los blancos terminó con conflictos entre los pueblos indígenas mismos.
“Esto fue posible por la presencia de los blancos, que termin6 con conflictos entre 10s pueblos indigenas mismos; si se quiere llamarla asi, una paz hispinica.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los curanderos Paez suelen interpretar las señas que les proporciona el uso de la coca.
“Estos suelen interpretar las seiias que les proporciona el uso de la coca.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los Inga son renombrados por su aprendizaje tierra adentro.
“renombrados por su aprendizaje tierra adentro”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
“Hoy en dia hay una carretera desde Pasto, la capital del departamento de Nariiio, hacia el Oeste pasando por el valle de Sibundoy”
§ Relaciones interktnicas de 10s curanderos en el Suroccidente Colombiano > 2. PARTE
“En el Oriente del nudo cordillerano de Pasto, a una altura de 2.200 metros, se encuentra un valle de planta eliptica llamado valle de Sibundoy.”
Citations
Cites
The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls.
Lathrap, D. W., & Harner, M. J. (1973) · Hispanic American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2511938 · Cited by 236
Revista Colombiana de Antropología
(2020) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/issn.2539-472x · Cited by 58
Traditional medicine in Ecuador: The structure of the non-formal health systems
Pedersen, D., & Coloma, C. (1983) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90017-5 · Cited by 36
The semiotic constitution of Kamsá ritual language
McDowell, J. H. (1983) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s004740450000957x · Cited by 28
Breve estudio preliminar del grupo aborigen de Sibundoy y su lengua kamsa en el sur de Colombia
Chindoy, A. J. (2015) · Boletín de Antropología · doi:10.17533/udea.boan.23690 · Cited by 15
The Psychotropic Banisteriopsis among the Sibundoy of Colombia
Bristol, M. L. (1966) · Botanical Museum leaflets Harvard University · doi:10.5962/p.295196 · Cited by 15
Curanderos : traditionelle Heiler in Nord-Peru, Küste und Hochland
Giese, C. C. (1989) · K. Renner eBooks · Cited by 3
Neonelsonia—A Colombian Folk Medicine
Bristol, M. L. (1961) · Botanical Museum leaflets Harvard University · doi:10.5962/p.168531 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- SCHINDLER, Helrnut y Franz FAUST 1988 "lndianische Arzneihandler in Siidwest-Kolurnbien". Mijnchner Beitrage zur Volkerkunde 1. Festschrift Laszlo Vajda. SEIJAS, Haydee 1969a "The Medical System of the Sibundoy Indians". Ph.D. Thesis. Tulane University.
- TANDIOY JANSASOY, Francisco 1987 "Muscuycuna y tapiacuna: Sueiios y agiieros en inga y castellano". Pasto: Co- mite de Educacion lnga de la Organizacion Musu Runacuna. TAUSSIG, Michael 1980 "Folk Healing and the Structure of Conquest in Southwest Colombia". Journal of Latin American Lore 6.2: 217-278. 1982 "El curanderismo popular y la estructura de la conquista en el suroeste de Colombia". America lndigena 42.4: 559-614. 1984 "History as Sorcery". Representations 7: 87-109.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Indice de autores de la revista Anthropológica (1983 - 2001) y Debates en Antropología (1978 - 1982)
Frey, M. B. (2002) · Anthropologica · doi:10.18800/anthropologica.200201.024
Herrera, C. E. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71318-2_5
Metadata
- Authors
- Schindler, H., & Faust, F. X.
- Affiliations
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE)
- Venue
- Anthropologica
- Publisher
- Sistema de Bibliotecas PUCP
- Published
- 2000-03-24
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 281-294
- ISSN
- 0254-9212 (ISSN-L)
- 2224-6428
- OpenAlex
- W2123714595
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- dx.doi.org
- Locations
- Anthropologica (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Indigenous Studies in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropological Studies and Insights
- Keywords
- curanderos, interethnic relations, traditional healers, Afro-Colombian communities, indigenous peoples
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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