Cyberbullying: Definition, prevalence, effects, risk and protective factors
Open accessAbstract
Cyberbullying is defined as intentional, repetitive, and harmful behaviors carried out using computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices. In recent years, there has been an increase in the rates of cyberbullying parallel to the rise in Internet usage. Particularly among adolescents, the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber victimization are quite high. Adolescents who cyberbully or cyber victim face serious mental health problems. In this reason, efforts should be made to prevent adolescents from being exposed to these negative effects. It is crucial to identify the risk factors and protective factors related to cyberbullying, as they can guide preventive interventions. The review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the risk factors and protective factors influencing cyberbullying. Furthermore, information was provided regarding the definition, historical trend, prevalence, and consequences of cyberbullying. In this review, firstly, the definition of cyberbullying is provided, followed by a detailed discussion of its history, prevalence, risk factors, and protective factors. It is expected that the study, which comprehensively explains the factors related to cyberbullying, will contribute to the literature on cyberbullying and provide guidance to professionals working in this field."
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These variances were attributed to inconsistent definitions and conceptualizations, timeframes, and measurement tools.
“These variances were attributed to inconsistent definitions and conceptualizations, timeframes (e.g., past week, month etc.), and measurement tools (44, 47–49, 51).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Existing measurement tools mirror conceptual ambiguities, contributing to variability in reported prevalence rates.
“As at present, existing measurement tools mirror these conceptual ambiguities, contributing to variability in reported prevalence rates (45, 47, 50).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Several reviews have identified substantial issues concerning variations in prevalence rates.
“Furthermore, several reviews have identified substantial issues concerning variations in prevalence rates (44, 45, 47–50).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 82 · Cited by 14
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Baştürk-Akca E, Sayımer İ, Ergül, S (2015) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5:72-86.
- Dursun S, Gökçe A, Aytaç S (2020) Siber zorbalık: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13:465-485.
- Horzum MB, Ayas T (2014) Orta öğretim öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorba ve sanal mağdur düzeylerinin yordanması. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 1:21-36.
- Nedim-Bal P, Kahraman S (2015) The effect of cyber bullying sensibility improvement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3:48-57.
- Olweus D, Limber SP (1983) The Olweus bullying prevention program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In Handbook of Bullying in Schools: An International Perspective (Eds SR Jimerson, SM Swearer, DL Espelage):23-30. New York, Routledge.
- Pala SÇ, Ünsal A, Emiral GÖ, Demirtaş Z, Zencirci SA, Tözün M et al. (2021) Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84:104-112.
- Taştekin E, Bayhan P (2018) Ergenler arasındaki siber zorbalığın ve mağduriyetin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 5:21-45.
- Taylan HH, Aydın F, Topal M (2017) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal zorba olma durumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi: Sakarya ili örneği. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 4:41-59.
- Ünver H, Koç Z (2017) Siber zorbalık ile problemli internet kullanımı ve riskli internet davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 15:117-140.
- Willard NE (2007) Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Illinois, Research Press.
- Authors
- AKDENİZ, B., & DOĞAN, A.
- Affiliations
- KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ, PSİKOLOJİ BÖLÜMÜ, GELİŞİM PSİKOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI
- Ege University (TR)
- Venue
- Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar
- Publisher
- Current Approaches in Psychiatry
- Published
- 2024-09-30
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 425-438
- ISSN
- 1309-0658 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392639944
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DergiPark (Istanbul University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, cyber victimization, adolescents, risk factors, protective factors, prevalence, mental health outcomes, cyberbullying prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
