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Father’s Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Small for Gestational Age Infants, and Infant Mortality: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
Objective: To ascertain the association between father’s lifetime socioeconomic status (SES) and rates of small for gestational age (SGA, defined as weight for gestational age <10th percentile) and infant mortality (defined as <365 days).Methods: The study sample was limited to the singleton births of African American (n=8,331), non-Latina White (n=18,200), and Latina (n=2,637) women. Stratified and multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of infants (1989-1991) and their Chicago-born parents (1956-1976) with appended US census income data (n=29,168). The median family income of father’s census tract residence during childhood and parenthood were used to assess lifetime SES.Results: Births (n=8,113) to fathers with a lifetime low SES had a SGA rate of 13.3% compared with 6.6% for those (n=10,329) born to fathers with a lifetime high SES, RR = 1.97 (1.79, 2.17). The infant mortality rate of births to fathers with a lifetime low SES exceeded that of infant mortality rate of births to fathers with a lifetime high SES: 13/1,000 vs 5/1,000, respectively; RR = 2.71 (1.94, 3.77). The adjusted (controlling for mother’s age, education, marital status, and race/ethnicity) OR of SGA for fathers with childhood, parenthood, and lifetime low (vs high) SES were 1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 1.13 (1.02, 1.26), and 1.19 (1.05, 1.34), respectively. The adjusted OR of infant mortality for births to fathers with childhood, parenthood, and lifetime low (vs high) SES were 1.14 (.78, 1.67), 1.40 (.90, 2.18), and 1.31 (.90, 1.92), respectively.Conclusions: Low paternal socioeconomic status is a previously unrecognized determinant of SGA birth regardless of mother’s demographic status.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):9-16; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.9
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“Some studies reviewed here have suggested that maternal early-life socioeconomic environment is directly associated with PTB [44], while others have shown the paternal census track of residence during childhood to be associated with family income [26].”
From A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome—Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Many studies have suggested an association between pregnancy outcomes and individual socioeconomic characteristics, such as maternal or paternal education level [33,38,42,47,52,55,57,58], maternal employment [29,58], socioeconomic status [26], low maternal income [55] and ethnicity [39,44].”
From A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome—Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“All but two of the studies [30,50] suggested that SGA was associated with social characteristics [26,28,30,38,46,50,52,58] measured at the family or parental level.”
From A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome—Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
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Cited by
Simoncic, V., Deguen, S., Enaux, C., Vandentorren, S., & Kihal-Talantikite, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416592 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Ensted, S., Rankin, K., Desisto, C., & Collins, J. W.
- Venue
- Ethnicity & Disease
- Publisher
- Ethnicity and Disease Inc
- Published
- 2019-01-17
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-16
- ISSN
- 1945-0826
- 1049-510X
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 0
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