Identification of Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Screening Based on the PEN-3 Model among Female School Teachers in Kermanshah
Open accessAbstract
Background and objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide.Its incidence has increased in developing countries due to factors such as increase in life expectancy, urbanization and popularity of western culture.The aim of this study was to identify the social and cultural factors affecting breast cancer screening based on the PEN-3 model (perceptional, enabling and nurturers) among school teachers in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and methods:This study was a descriptive cross-sectional one.Through random sampling 258 high school teachers were selected as samples.A questionnaire that consisted with 50 questions based on the PEN-3 model was used to gather the data.The validity of the questionnaire was measured with content validity and the reliability with Cronbach alpha coefficient.The data were analyzed through SPSS 21 using one-sample t-test, two-sample t-test and Chi-square test.Results: 48.1% of school teachers had a history of breast self-examination, 24.8% history of breast clinical examination by the physician and medical staff and 9.3% had at least one mammography.The most important affecting factors on screening were: belief to early detection of tumors (87.2%), ability to pay the screening cost (83.7%),negligence and forgetfulness (65.1%), being busy and lack of time (56.2%),fear (24.5%), and anxiety (21.3%).Conclusion: Due to fact that the affecting factors on breast cancer screening behavior are in the scope of the social and cultural range, a comprehensive plan for intervention and using a health education model, including the PEN-3 model, can be useful.
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Attitude is a predisposing factor for the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors and is correlated with behavior.
“Because attitude is a predisposing factor for the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors and is correlated with behavior, a positive attitude can be a strength in promoting screening behavior [15, 16, 18].”
From Effectiveness of educational intervention on women’s participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The Abstract (page not provided) identifies belief in early tumor detection as a factor affecting breast-cancer screening among female school teachers. That supports a narrower connection between a belief and screening behavior, but the copy does not establish that attitude generally predisposes the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors or is correlated with behavior. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew interventional studies have been conducted in Iran based on the PEN-3 model.
“In Iran, few interventional studies have been conducted based on the PEN-3 model [11, 16].”
From Effectiveness of educational intervention on women’s participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The Abstract describes this study as descriptive and cross-sectional and suggests that a future intervention using the PEN-3 model could be useful. Neither the Abstract nor the available References state how many PEN-3-based interventional studies have been conducted in Iran. Searches for the claim in English and Persian found no passage addressing that number. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Research works printed but not linked: 12
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Seyrafi, N., Homayuni, A., Hosseini, Z., Aghamolaei, T., Ghanbarnejad, A., & Mouseli, A. (2022) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-022-10331-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In Iran, few interventional studies have been conducted based on the PEN-3 model [11, 16].”
Background
- Authors
- Naghibi, A., Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jamshidi, P., science, M., Yazdani, J., Department of Biostatistics, H. S. R. C., Rostami, F., & science, M.
- Affiliations
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Naghibi, Abolhasan
- Venue
- ranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion
- Published
- 2016-06-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-64
- ISSN
- 2345-3265 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2475409989
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fa
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- ranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- breast cancer screening, PEN-3 model, school teachers, women teachers, breast self-examination, mammography, barriers to screening, fear and anxiety, screening costs, health education intervention, Kermanshah
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