Application of the Perceptual Factors, Enabling and Reinforcing Model on Pap Smaear Screening in Iranian Northern Woman
Open accessAbstract
Background and Purpose:Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world.Cervical cancer is no symptoms and can be treated if diagnosed in the first stage of the disease.The aim of this study was to survey the affecting factors of the Pap smears test on perceptual factors, enabling and reinforcing (PEN-3) model constructs in women. Materials and Methods:This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study.The sample size was 416 married women with random sampling.The questionnaire had 50 questions based on PEN-3 model structures.Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and logistic regression method in software SPSS 20. Results:The mean age of women was 32.70 ± 21.00 years.The knowledge of risk factors and screening methods for cervical cancer was 37.2.About 40% of women had a history of Pap smears.The most important of perception factors were effective, family history of the disease, encourage people to Pap smear, and fear of detecting of cervical cancer.The most important enabling factors were the presence of expert health personnel to provide training and Pap smear test (50.3%),lack of time and too busy to do Pap smear test (23.2%).The reinforcing factors were the media advice (41.3%), doctor's advice (32.5%) and neglect and forgetfulness (36.2%). Conclusion:This study has shown the Pap smear screening behavior affected by personal factors, family, cultural and economic.Application of PEN-3 can effective in planning and designing intervention programs for cervical cancer screening.
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Attitude is a predisposing factor for the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors and is correlated with behavior.
“Because attitude is a predisposing factor for the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors and is correlated with behavior, a positive attitude can be a strength in promoting screening behavior [15, 16, 18].”
From Effectiveness of educational intervention on women’s participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
The Results and Discussion (sections 3–4; page unavailable) link positive and negative perceptions with Pap-smear screening behavior, supporting the narrower point that beliefs relate to this behavior. The paper does not state that attitude predisposes the onset and persistence of healthy behaviors generally or report a correlation between attitude and behavior. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sample size was estimated using a standard deviation of 1.5 from a similar study, an effect size of 0.7, a power of 80%, and a 5% standard error, yielding 160 after adding 10% for attrition.
“In a similar study [18], the standard deviation of the behavior score (Pap smear) was equal to 1.5. with a standard error of 5%, an effect size of 0.7 and a power of 80%, the sample size was estimated using the following formula:”
From Effectiveness of educational intervention on women’s participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
The Materials and Methods section describes a cross-sectional study of 416 women and its Pap-smear questionnaire, but gives no standard deviation for the behavior score. Searches for 1.5 and the stated sample-size parameters found no passage reporting a behavior-score standard deviation of 1.5, an effect size of 0.7, 80% power, or a 160-person estimate with attrition. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Sorted by citations
Seyrafi, N., Homayuni, A., Hosseini, Z., Aghamolaei, T., Ghanbarnejad, A., & Mouseli, A. (2022) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-022-10331-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Naghibi, A., Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Rostami, F., Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Masomi, F., Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Cherati, J. Y., & Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Affiliations
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Naghibi, Abolhassan
- Venue
- Iranian Journal Of Health Sciences
- Published
- 2016-03-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-36
- ISSN
- 2322-4797 (ISSN-L)
- 2322-553X
- OpenAlex
- W2584983608
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fa
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Iranian Journal Of Health Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- Pap smear screening, cervical cancer screening, PEN-3 model, health behavior determinants, screening behavior, family influence, fear of cancer diagnosis, healthcare workers, Iranian women
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