The evolution of spawning migrations: state dependence and fishing-induced changes
Abstract
Individuals migrate to exploit heterogeneities between spatially separated environments to modulate growth, survival, or reproduction. We devised a bioenergetics model to investigate the evolution of migration distance and its dependence on individual states. Atlantic cod Gadus morhua ranges from sedentary populations to stocks that migrate several thousand kilometers annually. We focused on the Northeast Arctic cod stock, which migrates south to spawn. A linear relationship between migration distance and the expected survival of offspring was assumed, here understood as the prospects for future survival and development that a fertilized egg faces at a particular spawning location. Reasons for why it may increase southward include warmer water that increases development rates, and thereby survival, along the pelagic drift trajectory. In the model, ingested energy can either be allocated to growth or stored for migration and reproduction. When migrating, individuals forgo foraging opportunities and expend energy. Optimal energy allocation and migration strategies were found using state-dependent optimization, with body length, age, condition, and current food availability as individual states. For both a historical and contemporary fishing regime we modeled two behaviors: (1) homing cod returning to the same spawning site each year and (2) roaming cod with no such constraints. The model predicted distinct regions of locally high spawning stock biomass. Large individuals in goo…
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The choice of a suitable spawning location is subject to multiple trade-offs operating at different spatiotemporal scales, the balance of which is linked to the life history of the species.
“It is therefore anticipated that the choice of a suitable spawning location is subject to multiple trade-offs operating at different spatiotemporal scales, the balance of which is linked to the life history of the species (Jørgensen et al., 2008).”
From Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats (2015) · cites this paper as Jørgensen et al., 2008
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References 57 · Cited by 163
- Authors
- Jørgensen, C., Dunlop, E. S., Opdal, A. F., & Fiksen, Ø.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Jørgensen, Christian
- Venue
- Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3436-3448
- ISSN
- 0012-9658 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9170
- OpenAlex
- W1970940151
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- spawning migration, Gadus morhua, bioenergetics model, energy allocation, homing behavior, migration distance, spawning stock biomass, ontogenetic migration, Northeast Arctic cod
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Energy Metabolism, Female, Fisheries, Food Supply, Male, Models, Biological, Norway, Population Density, Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Reproduction, Species Specificity, Temperature, Biomass, Animal Migration, Gadus morhua
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