The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Press perturbations and indirect effects in real food webs
Abstract
The prediction of the effects of disturbances in natural systems is limited by the general lack of knowledge on the strength of species interactions, i.e., the effect of one species on the population growth rate of another, and by the uncertainty of the effects that may be manifested via indirect pathways within the food web. Here we explored the consequences of changes in species populations for the remaining species within nine exceptionally well-characterized empirical food webs, for which, unlike the vast majority of other published webs, feeding links have been fully quantified. Using the inverse of the Jacobian matrix, we found that perturbations to species with few connections have larger net effects (considering both direct and indirect pathways between two species) on the rest of the food web than do disturbances to species that are highly connected. For 40% of predator-prey links, predators had positive net effects on prey populations, due to the predominance of indirect interactions. Our results highlight the fundamental, but often counterintuitive, role of indirect effects for the maintenance of food web complexity and biodiversity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Few studies have attempted to parameterise complex real-world terrestrial food webs with sufficient resolution to assess both stability and the predictability of indirect effects (Montoya et al. 2009).”
From A Food Web Model of the Serengeti: Stability, Dynamics and Indirect Effects (2026) · cites this paper as Montoya et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“A study of nine empirical food webs by (Montoya et al. 2009) found an average of 40% of consumer-resource links in those ecosystems to feature a positive net effect of consumers on their resource species.”
From A Food Web Model of the Serengeti: Stability, Dynamics and Indirect Effects (2026) · cites this paper as Montoya et al. 2009
Citations
Cites
Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems
May, R. M. (2001) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691206912 · Cited by 5,229
The diversity–stability debate
McCann, K. S. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35012234 · Cited by 3,220
Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of Community Stability
MacArthur, R. H. (1955) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1929601 · Cited by 2,199
A note on trophic complexity and community stability.
Paine, R. T. (1969) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/282586 · Cited by 1,796
Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks: The Architecture of Biodiversity
Bascompte, J., & Jordano, P. (2007) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818 · Cited by 1,733
Network structure and biodiversity loss in food webs: robustness increases with connectance
Dunne, J., Williams, R. J., & Martinez, N. D. (2002) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00354.x · Cited by 1,728
Stability and Diversity of Ecosystems
Ives, A. R., & Carpenter, S. R. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133258 · Cited by 1,665
Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature.
McCann, K., Hastings, A., & Huxel, G. R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27427 · Cited by 1,657
Ecological networks and their fragility
Montoya, J., Pimm, S., & Solé, R. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04927 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationBody size in ecological networks
WOODWARD, G., EBENMAN, B., EMMERSON, M., MONTOYA, J., OLESEN, J., VALIDO, A., & WARREN, P. (2005) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.005 · Cited by 1,251
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 205
Min, Y. K., Jin, X., Chang, J., Peng, C. H., Gu, B., Ge, Y., & Zhong, Y. (2011) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.06.013 · Cited by 13
Spatial complexity enhances predictability in food webs
Mougi, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43440 · Cited by 13
Qualitative and quantitative responses to press perturbations in ecological networks
Giordano, G., & Altafini, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11221-0 · Cited by 12
New insights into the Weddell Sea ecosystem applying a quantitative network approach
Marina, T. I., Saravia, L. A., & Kortsch, S. (2024) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-20-141-2024 · Cited by 11
Jordán, F., Capelli, G., Primicerio, R., Hidas, A., Fábián, V. A., Patonai, K., & Bodini, A. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0164 · Cited by 12
Marshall, K. N., Kaplan, I. C., & Levin, P. S. (2014) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.003 · Cited by 11
The consistency of a species’ response to press perturbations with high food web uncertainty
Tunney, T. D., Carpenter, S. R., & Zanden, M. J. V. (2017) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.1853 · Cited by 12
Perturbing a Marine Food Web: Consequences for Food Web Structure and Trivariate Patterns
Twomey, M., Jacob, U., & Emmerson, M. (2012) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398315-2.00005-3 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLiu, W., Chen, H.-W., Jordán, F., Lin, W.-H., & Liu, C. W.-J. (2010) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.08.035 · Cited by 10
Direct and indirect effects of environmental drivers on reindeer reproduction
Henden, J., Tveraa, T., Stien, A., Mellard, J. P., Marolla, F., Ims, R., & Yoccoz, N. G. (2020) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr01630 · Cited by 10
Cultivar-mediated effects on apple–Dysaphis plantaginea interaction
Alhmedi, A., Bylemans, D., Bangels, E., & Beliën, T. (2021) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-021-01460-6 · Cited by 9
Quantifying direct and indirect effects of perturbations using model ecosystems
Burns, T. P., Rose, K. A., & Brenkert, A. L. (2014) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.017 · Cited by 9
Ecosystem Services - From Biodiversity to Society, Part 1
Woodward, G., & Bohan, D. (2015) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(15)x0003-1 · Cited by 9
Pomeranz, J. P. F., Wesner, J. S., & Harding, J. S. (2020) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.3102 · Cited by 9
Unraveling emergent network indeterminacy in complex ecosystems: A random matrix approach
Kawatsu, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2322939121 · Cited by 9
Species coexistence and niche theory
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0008 · Cited by 8
Bodini, A., Pereira, D., & Scotti, M. (2024) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116091 · Cited by 11
Common processes drive metacommunity structure in freshwater fish
Kadoya, T., Nilsson, K. A., Kelly, J. M., Bartley, T., Säterberg, T., Guzzo, M. M., Esch, E. H., Koide, D., Matsuzaki, S. S., Terui, A., et al. (2024) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13822 · Cited by 7
Bodini, A., Vivian, J., Vargas, J. F., Clerici, N., & Scotti, M. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0165 · Cited by 8
O’Gorman, E. J. (2020) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.3274 · Cited by 8
Tanaka, K., Guidry, M., & Gruber, N. (2013) · Aquatic Geochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10498-013-9209-4 · Cited by 7
The acute effects of boxing-specific dumbbell activity on punch performance in male amateur boxers
Jin, R., Huang, M., Yi, W., Finlay, M. J., & Chen, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1607933 · Cited by 6
García‐Callejas, D., Lavorel, S., Ovaskainen, O., Peltzer, D. A., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63208-5 · Cited by 6
The context dependency of species keystone status during food web disassembly
Jönsson, T., Berg, S., Emmerson, M., & Pimenov, A. (2015) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2015.07.002 · Cited by 6
Self-citationPredicting ecological outcomes using fuzzy interaction webs
Pearson, D. E., & Clark, T. J. (2023) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.4072 · Cited by 6
Liu, Z., Guo, Z., Zhou, J., Guo, X., & Chen, Y. F. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.047 · Cited by 6
Functional Extinctions of Species in Ecological Networks
Säterberg, T. (2016) · Linköping University Electronic Press eBooks · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-127148 · Cited by 6
Beauchesne, D., Grant, C., Gravel, D., & Archambault, P. (2016) · Le Naturaliste canadien · doi:10.7202/1036503ar · Cited by 6
Beyond connectedness: why pairwise metrics cannot capture community stability
Neutel, A., & Thorne, M. A. S. (2016) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2461 · Cited by 6
Lane, P. A. (2017) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.10.001 · Cited by 6
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0003 · Cited by 7
Han, Y., Kristensen, N. P., Buckley, Y. M., Maple, D. J., West, J., & McDonald‐Madden, E. (2020) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109122 · Cited by 6
Alhmedi, A., Beliën, T., & Bylemans, D. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15075978 · Cited by 5
Besson, M., Delmas, E., Poisot, T., & Gravel, D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10564-0 · Cited by 5
The predictive science of community ecology
Emmerson, M. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01916.x · Cited by 4
Self-citationCapelli, G., Primicerio, R., & Bodini, A. (2025) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42974-025-00283-0 · Cited by 3
The disruption of birds’ double mutualistic interactions in novel ecosystems
Nereu, M., Silva, J. S., & Timóteo, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1872 · Cited by 4
Body Mass–Biomass Scaling Modulates Species Keystone‐Ness to Press Perturbations
Li, X., Yang, W., Novak, M., Zhao, L., de Ruiter, P. C., Yang, Z., & Guill, C. (2025) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.70086 · Cited by 3
Emergent coexistence and the limits of reductionism in ecological communities
Aguadé‐Gorgorió, G., & Kéfi, S. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014116 · Cited by 5
Restoration of ecological interactions: metrics and outcomes at the community scale
García‐Callejas, D., & Torres, A. (2019) · Ecosistemas · doi:10.7818/ecos.1748 · Cited by 5
Marina, T. I., Saravia, L. A., Rodríguez, I. D., Funes, M., Cordone, G., Doyle, S. R., Silvestro, A. M., Galván, D. E., Kortsch, S., & Momo, F. (2024) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2023-0132 · Cited by 3
Patterns of biological diversity
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0002 · Cited by 3
The role of body size in predator-prey interactions and community structure
Warburton, H. J. (2015) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6061 · Cited by 3
The return of the trophic chain: fundamental vs realized interactions in a simple arthropod food webPreprint
Torres‐Campos, I., Magalhães, S., Moya-Laraño, J., & Montserrat, M. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/324178 · Cited by 5
Understanding causal linkages in the post-conflict Colombia socio-ecological system
Bodini, A., & Vivian, J. (2026) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42974-026-00318-0 · Cited by 2
Evolutionary community ecology
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0016 · Cited by 3
The fundamentals of predator–prey interactions
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0005 · Cited by 4
Linking net interaction effects with network topologies in food webs
Yan, C., Zhang, Y., & Liu, R. (2021) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13417 · Cited by 2
Community assembly and species traits
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0012 · Cited by 3
Impacts of space, abundance and food web structure on parasite life cycles
Rossiter, W. (2012) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3dr2tdg · Cited by 3
Monk, M. (2012) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.476 · Cited by 2
Laigle, I., Aubin, I., & Gravel, D. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1809.03614 · Cited by 2
García‐Callejas, D., Lavorel, S., Peltzer, D. A., Ovaskainen, O., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567315 · Cited by 2
Beneficial interactions in communities: mutualism and facilitation
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Food chains and food webs: controlling factors and cascading effects
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0011 · Cited by 1
Species interactions in ecological networks
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Larkin, B., Ramsey, P. W., & Pearson, D. E. (2025) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-025-03724-z · Cited by 1
Shim, D.-W., Lee, D., Lee, D., Cho, J., Oh, H., Chang, K.-H., Ji, C. W., Kwak, I., Kim, Y.-J., Kang, E. T., et al. (2026) · Ecosystem Health and Sustainability · doi:10.34133/ehs.0490 · Cited by 1
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Some concluding remarks and a look ahead
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0017 · Cited by 1
Indirect effect of the invasive exotic fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on ants
Carpintero, S., & Reyes-López, J. L. (2020) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42974-020-00023-6 · Cited by 1
The fundamentals of competitive interactions
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Jacob, U., & Woodward, G. (2012) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.09986-x · Cited by 1
Self-citationA Food Web Model of the Serengeti: Stability, Dynamics and Indirect Effects
Clarke, D., Hopcraft, J. G. C., & Haydon, D. T. (2026) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.70115
Structural and Dynamical Heterogeneity in Ecological Networks
Jordán, F., Livi, C. M., & Lecca, P. (2011) · Advances in bioinformatics and biomedical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-435-2.ch007
The assembly and disassembly of ecological networks in a changing world
Lurgi, M. (2014) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Searching for balance : stability and equilibria of food webs
van Altena, C. (2016) · doi:10.18174/381590
Population growth and density dependence
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0004
Species in variable environments
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0015
Patchy environments, metapopulations, and fugitive species
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0013
Selective predators and responsive prey
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0006
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.003.0014
Marina, T. I. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2022-1518-ac1
Unexpected Links between Communities of a Freshwater–Cropland Mediterranean Metanetwork
GONZÁLEZ-BARRIENTOS, J., Ramos‐Jiliberto, R., Aliste-Jara, L., Canelo-Araya, N., & Cattan, P. E. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15091011
Marina, T. I. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2022-1518-ac2
Marina, T. I., Saravia, L. A., Rodriguez, I., Funes, M., Cordone, G., Doyle, S. R., Silvestro, A. M., Galván, D. E., Kortsch, S., & Momo, F. (2024) · doi:10.32942/x2331z
Biodiversity increases the forecastability of species abundances in changing environmentsPreprint
Limberger, R., Daugaard, U., Choffat, Y., Gupta, A., Jelić, M., Jyrkinen, S., Krug, R. M., Nohl, S., Pennekamp, F., van Moorsel, S. J., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591860
Impact of Silver Nanoparticles in Aquatic Plants
Chaachouay, N., Zidane, L., & Husen, A. (2024) · Smart nanomaterials technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7352-7_14
Biodiversity temporal trends are reshaping food web structure and redundancy in riverine ecosystemsPreprint
Danet, A., Madouri, L. E., Bonnaffé, W., Beckerman, A. P., Mouchet, M. A., Fontaine, C., & Thébault, É. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.649202
Disentangling the effects of climate change in a mountain lake through community structure analysis
Bertoletti, G., Scotti, M., Rossetti, G., & Bodini, A. (2025) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.70106
Beyond biomass: how interactions shape species’ role for ecosystem functioningPreprint
Ardichvili, A. N., Loreau, M., Onimus, T., Galiana, N., Lajaaiti, I., Kéfi, S., & Arnoldi, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659013
Limberger, R., Daugaard, U., Choffat, Y., Gupta, A., Jelić, M., Jyrkinen, S., Krug, R. M., Nohl, S., Pennekamp, F., van Moorsel, S. J., et al. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70364
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.002.0004
Mittelbach, G. G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.002.0005
Mittelbach, G. G., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198835851.002.0003
Phylogenetic signal dynamics during niche filling in food websPreprint
Fuster‐Calvo, A., Proulx, M., Parent, C., Massol, F., Besson, M., Guimarães, P. R., & Gravel, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686537
Tracking community change via network coherencePreprint
Fuster‐Calvo, A., Higino, G., Parent, C., Caron, D., Banville, F., Massol, F., Blanchet, F. G., Hébert, K., Pollock, L. J., Maiorano, L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686602
Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes
Jacquet, C. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e5da6947z2af4z4794z8e3cz4d192ba4bf18
Influence des interactions biotiques sur la répartition gégographique des espèces
Cazelles, K. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bac2671az95caz4348zb10ez78daea7c618b
Four, B. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4a5a727ez6996z468bzb41cz7e00922949c0 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Montoya, J., Woodward, G., Emmerson, M. C., & Solé, R. V.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University College Cork (IE)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Venue
- Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2426-2433
- ISSN
- 0012-9658 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9170
- OpenAlex
- W2080748515
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 11.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- food webs, indirect interactions, species interactions, Jacobian matrix, perturbation analysis, predator-prey interactions, network connectivity, biodiversity maintenance, food web complexity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Animals, Fishes, Invertebrates, Membrane Proteins, Population Density, Population Dynamics, Biomass, Food Chain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Rivers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review