The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 6 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Hunting strategy of the margay (Leopardos wiedii) to attract the wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor)
Open accessAbstract
No abstract
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This brief field report describes the first published field observation of a wild margay (*Leopardus wiedii*) apparently mimicking the vocalizations of pied tamarin (*Saguinus bicolor*) pups to attract the group. The mimicry drew the tamarins' sentinel and the group's attention but did not result in a capture.
Key findings
- On 12 October 2005 at 9:18 am, at the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (Manaus, Brazil), a margay "attracted the attention of a tamarin sentinel... by producing calls similar to those emitted by pied tamarin pups"; the adult male sentinel climbed up and down the tree to investigate and warned the group with specific calls.
- At 9:40 am the cat — described as small-bodied with big feet, huge eyes and a long tail — walked down a tree trunk "like a squirrel," jumped to a liana connected to the fig tree, and moved toward the feeding tamarins about 15 meters away; the sentinel emitted a high scream and the group fled immediately.
- The authors state the strategy "was not effective in catching *Saguinus bicolor*," but suggest it is "very effective in attracting prey, facilitating the attack and reducing energy expenditure during a possible pursuit."
- Interviews with local Amazon inhabitants produced more than a dozen reports of *Puma concolor*, *Panthera onca* and *Leopardus pardalis* mimicking vocalizations of agoutis (*Dasyprocta* spp.), tinamous/nambús (*Crypturellus* sp.) and macucos (*Tinamus* sp.) across the Madeira, Juruá and Purus river basins (Table 2).
Methods
- Opportunistic field observation during research on pied tamarins at the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Brazil; the observed group of eight tamarins was monitored by telemetry and was feeding in a Moraceae (*Ficus* sp.) when the interaction occurred.
- Supplementary ethnographic interviews with local Amazon jungle inhabitants (woodsmen and mestizo indians) in different regions of central Amazonia about Neotropical cat natural history and prey capture techniques.
- No experimental manipulation or quantitative analysis; the report is descriptive, with a literature review table of primate predation by Neotropical cats (Table 1) and a table of reported mimicking events (Table 2).
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations. Evident from the text: the central finding rests on a single, unreplicated observation (n = 1) with no capture or experimental test of the mimicry hypothesis.
- The supporting evidence for mimicry in other cat species comes from interviewee reports rather than verified observations; the authors note that "until now, no scientific observations of this type of behavior have been published" for Neotropical felids.
- The proposed functional explanation (mimicry attracting prey and reducing pursuit costs) is explicitly framed as a suggestion, not a demonstrated outcome, since the observed hunt failed.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
2 of 6 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The few studies on the margay suggest that its diet is mainly composed of arboreal mammals.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mondolfi (1986)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beebe 1925 source
- Supportedcites Oliveira, 1998 source
The diet passage in the paper’s Ecology discussion states that margays eat mainly arboreal mammals, while also listing birds and other prey. That supports the citing sentence’s hedged summary. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our observations, the strategy used by Leopardus wiedii to imitate its prey was not effective in catching Saguinus bicolor.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At 9:18 am, a margay attracted the attention of a tamarin sentinel (Gordo et al., 2005) by producing calls similar to those emitted by pied tamarin pups.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adult male sentinel climbed up and down the tree to investigate the calls coming from behind the liana tangles.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, several of the interviewees described a common predation strategy by Neotropical cats as attracting their prey by mimicking the prey species' vocalizations.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than a dozen reports of Puma concolor, Panthera onca and Leopardus pardalis mimicking vocalizations of agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.), tinamous or nambús (Crypturellus sp.) and solitary tinamous or macucos (Tinamus sp.) were made in different river basins (Madeira, Juruá and Purus) (Table 2).”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it quickly jumped to a liana that was connected to the fig tree and moved toward where the tamarins were feeding, about 15 meters away.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this brief report we suggest that L. wiedii uses a mimicking strategy to capture its prey.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we report the first field observation of margay mimicking behavior, recorded during field research on the primate pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) at the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: No scientific observations of mimicking behavior by Neotropical felids had been published before this study.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In captivity, margays were observed preying on Saguinus niger (Oliveira, 1998).”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Oliveira, 1998 source
The passage on diet reports that captive margays in eastern Amazonia were observed preying on tamarins identified as Saguinus midas niger. The citing sentence uses the shorter name Saguinus niger, but the reported captive predation is the same observation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It assumed a surveillance position and, using specific calls, warned the group about the foreign calls.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this moment, the sentinel emitted a high scream as the predator approached the group; and the group fled immediately.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Margay prey species in Guyana were also arboreal mammals (Beebe 1925).”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beebe 1925 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This increases the cats' chance of success in attracting prey by imitation.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: All potential prey species cited by the Amazonian inhabitants use vocalizations in intra-specific territorial demarcation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Curiously, all the potential prey (agoutis, macucos, and nambus) cited by the Amazonian inhabitants produce extremely acute vocalizations, which possibly match the potential repertoire of felines.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our record confirms the reliability of the information provided by the local Amazonian inhabitants.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we suggest that this strategy is very effective in attracting prey, facilitating the attack and reducing energy expenditure during a possible pursuit.”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mondolfi (1986) analyzed the stomach contents of margay from Venezuela and found remains of squirrel (Sciurus granatensis) and the wedge-capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus-cited as nigrivittatus, a junior synonym).”
§ Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mondolfi (1986)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no published reports of the predation strategy of wild margays.
“there are no published reports of the predation strategy of wild margays.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No scientific observations of mimicking behavior by Neotropical felids had been published before this study.
“Until now, no scientific observations of this type of behavior have been published Cebus apella British Guiana Beebe (1925) for Neotropical felids.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All potential prey species cited by the Amazonian inhabitants use vocalizations in intra-specific territorial demarcation.
“In addition, all the aforementioned potential prey species use vocalizations in intra-specific territorial demarcation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Margays have arboreal adaptations.
“Morphologically, margays have arboreal adaptations”
Citations
Cites
Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest
Emmons, L. H. (1987) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00292180 · Cited by 528 · cited 5×
“…(2007) Alouatta g. clamitans Chácara Payquere, Southern Brazil Miranda et al (2005) Saguinus fuscicollis Perú Emmons (1987) Saimiri sciureus Perú Emmons (1987) Puma yaguaroundi Primates Cabrera & Yeppes (1940) Callithrix jacchus Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil Ximenes (1982) Leopardus wiedii…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeotropical cats: Ecology and conservation
de Oliveira, T. G. (1994) · Cited by 163
Novack, A. J., Main, M. B., Sunquist, M. E., & Labisky, R. F. (2005) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836905007338 · Cited by 144
A field study of the ecology and behavior of the black-mantle tamarin (Saguinus nigricollis)
Izawa, K. (1978) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02382796 · Cited by 140 · cited 5×
“Panthera onca Ateles belzebuth La Macarena, Colombia Matsuda and Izawa (2008)”
BackgroundInfluentialChinchilla, F. A. (1997) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 119
Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) predation on primates in Caratinga Biological Station, Southeast Brazil
Bianchi, R. D. C., & Mendes, S. L. (2007) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20415 · Cited by 88 · cited 5×
“…Caratinga Biological Station, Southeast Brazil Bianchi & Mendes (2007) Cebus apella nigritus Caratinga Biological Station, Southeast Brazil Bianchi & Mendes (2007) Alouatta g. clamitans Chácara Payquere, Southern Brazil Miranda et al (2005) Saguinus fuscicollis Perú Emmons (1987) Saimiri…”
BackgroundInfluentialPredation by jaguar on howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Venezuela
Peetz, A., Norconk, M. A., & Kinzey, W. G. (1992) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350280307 · Cited by 74 · cited 5×
“Notes on the biology and status of the small wild cats in Venezuela. in Cats of the world: biology, conservation, and management, Miller, S. D. and Everett, D. D. (eds.)”
BackgroundInfluentialPredation of wild spider monkeys at La Macarena, Colombia
Matsuda, I., & Izawa, K. (2007) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0042-5 · Cited by 61 · cited 4×
“…observations of this type of behavior have been published Predator Prey Location Citation Panthera onca Ateles belzebuth La Macarena, Colombia Matsuda and Izawa (2008) Alouatta seniculus Venezuela Peetz et al. (1992) Brachyteles arachnoides Intervales State Park, Southeast Brazil Olmos…”
BackgroundInfluentialCheek, M., Ribeiro, J. E. L. D. S., Hopkins, M. J. G., et al. (2002) · Kew Bulletin · doi:10.2307/4110841 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“…report the first field observation of margay mimicking behavior, recorded during field research on the primate pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) at the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (59 56' 15,71556" W, 02 56' 25,75037" S) in Manaus, Brazil (for a description of the area, see Ribeiro et al., 1999).”
Backgroundde Oliveira, T. G. (1998) · Mammalian Species · doi:10.2307/3504400 · Cited by 50
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cabrera A., 1940, Mamiferos Sul-Americanos (Vida, Costumbres y Description). Historia natural Ediar.
- Chinchilla F. A., 1997, Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45, 1223
- Oliveira T. G., 1998, Mammalian species, 579, 1
- Ximenes A., 1982, Rev. Nord. de Biol., 5, 89
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Genetic and Evolutionary Drives behind Primate Color Vision
Carvalho, L. S., Pessoa, D. M. A., Mountford, J. K., Davies, W. I. L., & Hunt, D. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00034 · Cited by 100
“…monkeys (Alouatta spp.), on the other hand, that are folivorous and do not rely on insects, are subjected to a disproportionately high predation risk (Terborgh, 1983; Calleia et al., 2009) that might have selected for their full trichromacy, without the need for unnecessary dichromatic individuals.”
BackgroundBarnett, A. A., Shaw, P. J. A., Spironello, W. R., et al. (2012) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0296-4 · Cited by 87
“The authors of this research believed this impeded predator access and lianas can certainly play an important role in felid attempts at primate predation (Calleia et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe adaptive value of primate color vision for predator detection
Pessoa, D. M. A., Maia, R., Ajuz, R. C. D. A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22264 · Cited by 78
“In addition, since the early radiation of felids (the most important mammalian taxa of primate predators [Calleia et al., 2009; Meloro & Elton, 2012]) took place in the Old World and did not reach North America until well into the Miocene [Meloro & Elton, 2012; Rose, 2006], catarrines may have been consistently expose…”
BackgroundInfluentialConceptualizing the 3D niche and vertical space use
Gámez, S., & Harris, N. C. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.06.012 · Cited by 60
The many functions of vocal learning
Carouso-Peck, S., Goldstein, M. H., & Fitch, W. T. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0235 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Calleia, F. O., Rohe, F., & Gordo, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Gordo, Marcelo
- ORCID
- Gordo, Marcelo
- Venue
- Neotropical Primates
- Publisher
- Re:wild
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-34
- ISSN
- 1413-4705 (ISSN-L)
- 2995-2174
- OpenAlex
- W1999393261
- Semantic Scholar
- 7ab0b670af91649d4a052b66aee7c3fb9efbdc6f
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neotropical Primates (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Primate Conservation
- Wildlife Conservation Society
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- margay, Leopardus wiedii, Saguinus bicolor, hunting strategies, predator-prey interactions, primate predation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-27, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-27 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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