Sarcopenic obesity: a review

Abstract

The global increase in life expectancy has led to a concomitant rise in diagnoses of sarcopenia. At the same time, the epidemic levels of obesity have given rise to the emergence of a complex condition known as sarcopenic obesity. Characterized by the simultaneous presence of loss of muscle mass and strength along with obesity or excess body fat, sarcopenic obesity represents a concerning health condition. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, sarcopenic obesity is not exclusive to older adults, as it may also manifest in individuals with obesity and chronic diseases and in those who undergo rapid weight loss. This juxtaposition of fat accumulation and muscle depletion epitomizes a harmful combination, especially in healthy adults. A precise definition of sarcopenic obesity and an understanding of how different body composition components affect functional parameters, comorbidities, and mortality rates are crucial for grasping the full extent and significance of this condition. Despite its multifaceted nature, sarcopenic obesity is often undiagnosed and undertreated, posing a considerable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. In this review, we explore the intricate interplay of factors contributing to the development and consequences of sarcopenic obesity and discuss newly proposed diagnostic guidelines aimed at improved screening. Enhancing awareness and understanding of sarcopenic obesity is imperative for addressing its growing prevalence and mitigating its adverse health effects.