The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Open accessAbstract
Heart failure is an epidemic disease which affects about 1% to 2% of the population worldwide. Both, the etiology and phenotype of heart failure differ largely. Following a cardiac injury (e.g., myocardial infarction, increased preload or afterload) cellular, structural and neurohumoral modulations occur that affect the phenotype being present. These processes influence the cell function among intra- as well as intercellular behavior. In consequence, activation of the sympathoadrenergic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system takes place leading to adaptive mechanisms, which are accompanied by volume overload, tachycardia, dyspnoea and further deterioration of the cellular function (vicious circle). There exists no heart failure specific clinical sign; the clinical symptomatic shows progressive deterioration acutely or chronically. As a measure of cellular dysfunction, the level of neurohormones (norepinephrine) and natriuretic peptides (e.g., NT-pro BNP) increase. For the diagnosis of heart failure, noninvasive (echocardiography, NMR, NT-proBNP) and invasive (heart catheterization, biopsy) diagnostic procedures are implemented. Modulation of the activated systems by ß-blocker, ACE-inhibitors and ARNI improve outcome and symptoms in heart failure patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Interventional and surgical therapy options may be performed as well. The understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure is essential to initiate the adequate therapeutic option individually for each patient. Furthermore, prevention of cardiovascular risk factors is essential to lower the risk of heart failure.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., Čelutkienė, J., Chioncel, O., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab670 · Cited by 19,442
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., Mattheus, M., Devins, T., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · Cited by 12,315
Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
McMurray, J. J. V., Solomon, S. D., Inzucchi, S. E., Køber, L., Kosiborod, M. N., Martinez, F. A., Ponikowski, P., Sabatine, M. S., Anand, I. S., Bělohlávek, J., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1911303 · Cited by 7,140
Singer, A. J., & Clark, R. A. F. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909023411006 · Cited by 6,106
The Failing Heart — An Engine Out of Fuel
Neubauer, S. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra063052 · Cited by 2,417
Decreased Catecholamine Sensitivity and β-Adrenergic-Receptor Density in Failing Human Hearts
Bristow, M. R., Ginsburg, R., Minobe, W., Cubicciotti, R. S., Sageman, W. S., Lurie, K., Billingham, M. E., Harrison, D. C., & Stinson, E. B. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198207223070401 · Cited by 2,270
Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency
Anker, S. D., Comin Colet, J., Filippatos, G., Willenheimer, R., Dickstein, K., Drexler, H., Lüscher, T. F., Bart, B., Banasiak, W., Niegowska, J., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0908355 · Cited by 2,083
Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
Fabiato, A. (1983) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1983.245.1.c1 · Cited by 1,911
Early Detection of Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity and Improvement With Heart Failure Therapy
Cardinale, D., Colombo, A., Bacchiani, G., Tedeschi, I., Meroni, C. A., Veglia, F., Civelli, M., Lamantia, G., Colombo, N., Curigliano, G., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.013777 · Cited by 1,733
Burger, J. W. A., Luijendijk, R. W., Hop, W. C. J., Halm, J. A., Verdaasdonk, E. G. G., & Jeekel, J. (2004) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000141193.08524.e7 · Cited by 1,340
Cited by
Pingitore, A., Galli, E., Barison, A., Iervasi, A., Scarlattini, M., Nucci, D., L’Abbate, A., Mariotti, R., & Iervasi, G. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2210 · Cited by 279
Weight Trajectory Impacts Risk for 10 Distinct Cardiometabolic Diseases
Swartz, A. Z., Wood, K., Farber-Eger, E., Petty, A., & Silver, H. J. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf348 · Cited by 10
Automated HFrEF Diagnosis Using an Optimized TimeSformer Model in Echocardiography
Petmezas, G., Papageorgiou, V. E., Vassilikos, V., Pagourelias, E., Tachmatzidis, D., Tsaklidis, G., Katsaggelos, A. K., & Maglaveras, N. (2025) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-025-01758-2 · Cited by 3
García-Niño, W. R., Zúñiga-Muñoz, A. M., & Maldonado-Macías, X. P. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178715 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwinger, R. H. G.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
- Publisher
- AME Publishing Company
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 263-276
- ISSN
- 2223-3652 (ISSN-L)
- 2223-3660
- OpenAlex
- W3043107334
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 89
- FWCI
- 31.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pathophysiology of heart failure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.21037/cdt-20-302
- The paper
- Schwinger, R. H. G. (2021). Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-302
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
