CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 224Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyHIV/AIDS Research and Interventions

All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Men Released From State Prison, 1980–2005

Open access
Rosen, David L., Schoenbach, Victor J., Wohl, David A.·2008·American Journal of Public Health
DOI 10.2105/ajph.2007.121855PMC PMC2636544
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives. We compared mortality of ex-prisoners and other state residents to identify unmet health care needs among former prisoners. Methods. We linked North Carolina prison records with state death records for 1980 to 2005 to estimate the number of overall and cause-specific deaths among male ex-prisoners aged 20 to 69 years and used standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare these observed deaths with the number of expected deaths had they experienced the same age-, race-, and cause-specific death rates as other state residents. Results. All-cause mortality among White (SMR = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 2.13) and Black (SMR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.05) ex-prisoners was greater than for other male NC residents. Ex-prisoners' deaths from homicide, accidents, substance use, HIV, liver disease, and liver cancer were greater than the expected number of deaths estimated using death rates among other NC residents. Deaths from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes were at least 30% greater than expected for White ex-prisoners, but less than expected for Black ex-prisoners. Conclusions. Ex-prisoners experienced more deaths than would have been expected among other NC residents. Excess deaths from injuries and medical conditions common to prison populations highlight ex-prisoners' medical vulnerability and the need to improve correctional and community preventive health services.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.2007.121855

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • People who experienced incarceration have higher mortality rates than residents of the same state.

    “studies with longer follow-up periods continue to find that people who experienced incarceration have higher mortality rates than residents of the same state (Rosen et al., 2008).”

    From Innocence Mortality Tax: The Impact of Wrongful Conviction on Lifespan (2023) · cites this paper as Rosen et al., 2008

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 29 · Cited by 224

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. [1]Walmsley R. World Prison Population List, Seventh Edition. King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies; 2007. Available at: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/downloads/world-prison-pop-seventh.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2008 [Google Scholar]
  2. [2]Beck AJ, Mumola CJ. Prisoners in 1998. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Dept of Justice; 1999. Publication NCJ 175687 [Google Scholar]
  3. [3]Hughes T. National Corrections Reporting Program. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2005. [Google Scholar]
  4. [4]Bonczar TP. Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974–2001. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Dept of Justice; 2003. Publication NCJ 197976 [Google Scholar]
  5. [5]The Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates, A Report to Congress, Volume 1. Chicago, IL: National Commission on Correctional Health Care; 2002 [Google Scholar]
  6. [6]Braithwaite RL, Arriola KR. Male prisoners and HIV prevention: a call for action ignored. Am J Public Health 2003;93:759–763 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. [7]Mumola CJ, Karberg JC. Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Dept of Justice; October 2006. Publication NCJ 213530 [Google Scholar]
  8. [8]James DJ, Glaze LE. Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Dept of Justice; 2006. Publication NCJ 213600 [Google Scholar]
  9. [10]Cornish JW, O'Brien CP. Crack cocaine abuse: an epidemic with many public health consequences. Annu Rev Public Health 1996;17:259–273 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. [11]Sterk CE, Theall KP, Elifson KW. Health care utilization among drug-using and non-drug-using women. J Urban Health 2002;79:586–599 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. [12]Chitwood DD, McBride DC, Metsch LR, Comerford M, McCoy CB. A comparison of the need for health care and use of health care by injection-drug users, other chronic drug users, and nondrug users. Am Behav Scientist 1998;41:1107–1122 [Google Scholar]
  12. [13]Travis J. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press; 2005 [Google Scholar]
  13. [14]Mallik-Kane K. Returning Home Illinois Policy Brief: Health and Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute; 2005 [Google Scholar]
  14. [16]Pratt D, Piper M, Appleby L, Webb R, Shaw J. Suicide in recently released prisoners: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2006;368:119–123 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. [17]Seaman SR, Brettle RP, Gore SM. Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: database linkage study. BMJ 1998;316:426–428 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. [18]Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison—a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med 2007;356:157–165 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. [19]Kariminia A, Butler TG, Corben SP, et al. Extreme cause-specific mortality in a cohort of adult prisoners—1988 to 2002: a data-linkage study. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36:310–316 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. [20]The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Vol. 1 and 2 3rd ed.Hyattsville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services; 1989. DHHS publication PHS 89-1260 [Google Scholar]
  19. [21]International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Authors
Rosen, D. L., Schoenbach, V. J., & Wohl, D. A.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Public Health
Publisher
American Public Health Association
Published
2008-12
Volume
98
Issue
12
Pages
2278-2284
ISSN
  • 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-0048
DOI
10.2105/ajph.2007.121855
PMC
PMC2636544
OpenAlex
W2109985798
Cited by
224
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 9
FWCI
28.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (F30MH077546)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Keywords
former prisoners, state prisoners, mortality, cause-specific mortality, all-cause mortality, standardized mortality ratio, racial disparities, homicide, substance use, HIV, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, lung cancer, injuries, unmet health needs, prison health care, preventive medicine
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Cause of Death, Continuity of Patient Care, Death Certificates, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Medical Record Linkage, Men, Middle Aged, North Carolina, Population Surveillance, Prisoners, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Age Distribution, Risk Assessment, Needs Assessment, Vulnerable Populations, International Classification of Diseases, White People, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review