The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies show that racism may influence health inequities. As individuals grow from infancy into old age, they encounter social institutions that may create new exposures to racial bias. Yet, few studies have considered this idea fully. We suggest a framework that shows how racism and health inequities may be viewed from a life course perspective. It applies the ideas of age-patterned exposures, sensitive periods, linked lives, latency period, stress proliferation, historic period, and cohorts. It suggests an overarching idea that racism can structure one's time in asset-building contexts (e.g., education) or disadvantaged contexts (e.g., prison). This variation in time and exposure can contribute to racial inequities in life expectancy and other health outcomes across the life course and over generations.
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“There is no way to identify racial trauma other than through a life-course approach that captures the complex nature of individual, collective, historical, and intergenerational experiences of racism experienced by BIPOC communities in Western society.”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Gee et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This finding suggests that the detrimental impact of racism may attenuate over time, perhaps because of the fading impact of brief exposure or due to individuals becoming ‘hardened’ to racism over time [412, 413].”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [413]
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“Gee, Walsemann and Brondolo [413] have argued that explicit attention to the timing of racism is critical both for theoretical and empirical reasons, especially these dimensions of time: (1) the length of exposure to discriminatory events; (2) the timing of these events within the life course; and (3) the etiological period between exposure and the onset of illness.”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [413]
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Citations
Cites
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From social integration to health: durkheim in the new millennium
Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4 · Cited by 4,821
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The Emergence and Development of Life Course Theory
Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003) · Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_1 · Cited by 3,322
The sociological study of stress
Pearlin, L. I. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136956 · Cited by 3,263 · cited 1×
“Pearlin and others have argued that a single stressor can cause the proliferation of secondary stressors.(21,64) For instance, the stressor of being fired from a job can cause the additional stressors of financial strain and marital strife that in turn lead to illness.”
BackgroundRethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation
Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657316 · Cited by 2,760
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 97 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- LaVeist TA, 1994, Health Serv Res, 29, 1
- Brondolo E, 2012, J Soc Issues
- 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50070-5 · DOI
- Brave Heart M, 1998, Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res, 8, 56
- Oliver ML, 1997, Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Inequality
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
“Gee, Walsemann and Brondolo [413] have argued that explicit attention to the timing of racism is critical both for theoretical and empirical reasons, especially these dimensions of time: (1) the length of exposure to discriminatory events; (2) the timing of these events within the life course; and (3) the etiological…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRacism and health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 · Cited by 2,398
Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764213487340 · Cited by 1,336
Williams, D. R. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518814251 · Cited by 1,014
The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., HEALTH, S. O. A., COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., Rahmandar, M. H., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765 · Cited by 1,002
Metadata
- Authors
- Gee, G. C., Walsemann, K. M., & Brondolo, E.
- Affiliations
- St. John's University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 967-974
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3483932
- OpenAlex
- W2074565935
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 66.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racism, health disparities, life course perspective, racial bias, sensitive period, linked lives, latency period, historical periods, cohort, asset building, disadvantaged contexts, life expectancy
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Humans, Prejudice, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Health Status Disparities
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