The Lifetime Effect of Residential School Attendance on Indigenous Health Status
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. I examined the health impact of lifetime Indian Residential school (IRS) attendance and the mediating influences of socioeconomic status and community adversity on health outcomes in a national sample of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Methods. In an analysis of data on 13 881 Inuit, Métis, and off-reserve First Nations or North American Indian adults responding to the postcensus 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey administered October 2006 to March 2007, I tested the direct effect of IRS attendance on health and indirect effects through socioeconomic and community factors using logistic regression procedures. Results. Negative health status was significantly more likely with IRS attendance than nonattendance. The direct effect of IRS attendance remained significant although it attenuated substantially when adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and community-level adversities. Community adversity and socioeconomic factors, primarily income, employment status, and educational attainment mediated the effect of IRS on health. Conclusions. Residential school attendance is a significant health determinant in the Indigenous population and is adversely associated with subsequent health status both directly and through the effects of attendance on socioeconomic and community-level risks.
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Kaspar found that 12% of those who had attended residential school reported poor health, compared with 7% of those who did not attend.
“a finding that was reproduced with the 2006 APS by Kaspar [27], who found that 12% of those who had attended residential school reported poor health, compared with 7% of those who did not attend.”
From Residential schools and the effects on Indigenous health and well-being in Canada—a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Cites
A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System
Milloy, J. S. (1999) · doi:10.1515/9780887553035 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Classroom and Developmental Differences in a Path Model of Teacher Expectancy Effects
Kuklinski, M. R., & Weinstein, R. S. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00365 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
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Residential schools and the effects on Indigenous health and well-being in Canada—a scoping review
Wilk, P., Maltby, A., & Cooke, M. (2017) · Public Health Reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-017-0055-6 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Kaspar V.”
BackgroundResultWicklow, B. A., Sellers, E. A. C., Sharma, A. K., Kroeker, K., Nickel, N. C., Philips-Beck, W., & Shen, G. X. (2018) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1201 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hackett, C., Feeny, D., & Tompa, E. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2016-207380 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Phillips-Beck, W., Sinclair, S., Campbell, R., Star, L., Cidro, J., Wicklow, B., Guillemette, L., Morris, M. I., & McGavock, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174418000661 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Toombs, E., Lund, J. I., Mushquash, A. R., & Mushquash, C. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1029139 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kaspar, V.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kaspar, Violet
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2184-2190
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC4202939
- OpenAlex
- W2020951391
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Indigenous Health and Education
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Keywords
- Indian residential schools, Indigenous health, Aboriginal peoples, socioeconomic status, health status, mediation, Inuit, Métis, First Nations, income, employment status, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Educational Status, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Middle Aged, Schools, Socioeconomic Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult
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