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Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer y exégesis cristiana oriental
Open accessAbstract
Este artículo estudia la utilización de las tradiciones procedentes del Oriente Cristiano para poder comprender el desarrollo de los motivos contenidos en el Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer. El proceso del desarrollo del material contenido en el PRE es analizado en detalle, con especial referencia al resto de la literatura judáica. Sin embargo, un número de motivos que representan un nuevo desarrollo en el PRE son, así mismo, ideas comunes en fuentes del Oriente Cristiano. Este artículo se ocupa de cuatro ejemplos del PRE, que reflejan una exégesis que se encuentra también en tradiciones del Oriente Cristiano y marcan una tentativa inicial para identificar aquel material del PRE que puede haber sido influenciado por el pensamiento cristiano.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article argues that several distinctive motifs in *Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer* (PRE) may reflect awareness of Eastern Christian, especially Syriac, exegesis. It examines four examples—Sammael and the serpent, the Sethite/Cainite generations, the Cave of Machpelah/Temple Mount, and the ark’s levels—as an initial attempt to identify possible Christian influence on PRE.
Key findings
- In PRE, Sammael is explicitly named as the leader of angels and the architect of Eve’s corruption, and he rides the serpent; the paper says this agency of the serpent for Sammael is not common in rabbinic literature and is closest to Syriac traditions such as the *Cave of Treasures*, Ephrem, Narsai, and Ishodad of Merv.
- PRE ch.22 is described as the first rabbinic source that unambiguously contrasts the righteous descendants of Seth with the wicked descendants of Cain in exegesis of Genesis 6:1–8, and it identifies the “daughters of men” with the daughters of Cain; the paper cites Klijn that “In PRE for the first time” the Sethites are righteous and Cainites wicked.
- PRE locates the Cave of Machpelah “outside of Mount Moriah,” i.e. the Temple site, has Adam build his own tomb, and says Adam feared his bones would become an object of idolatry; Christian sources instead place Adam’s burial at Golgotha/Jerusalem, while the *Cave of Treasures* identifies the Cave with the Temple.
- PRE ch.23 describes 366 rooms for creatures on each level of the ark and assigns the lowest level to cattle and beasts, the second to birds, and the third to reptiles, abominable things, and people; the paper says this order matches Ephrem’s *Hymns on Paradise* 2.12, the *Cave of Treasures*, and a Hippolytus fragment, unlike Genesis rabbah 31.11 and Sanhedrin 108b.
Methods
- Comparative exegetical study of four selected motifs from PRE, read against earlier Jewish rabbinic and pseudepigraphic sources and against Christian Oriental sources in Greek, Syriac, Coptic, and Arabic.
- The analysis uses close textual comparison of PRE passages with works such as the *Cave of Treasures*, Ephrem, Narsai, Ishodad of Merv, Julius Africanus, Origen, Procopius, and Theodore bar Koni.
- No quantitative or systematic corpus analysis is used; the argument is based on identifying parallel motifs and assessing whether they are better explained by inner-Jewish development or possible Christian influence.
Limitations
- The paper states that it is “an initial endeavour” and that the material “may have been influenced by Christian thought”; its conclusions are presented as possibilities or strong likelihoods rather than definitive proof.
- The text makes evident that the argument rests on only four examples and on parallel motifs, without direct evidence of historical transmission between Christian and Jewish communities.
- The paper also notes uncertainty about some comparative sources, such as the provenance and authorship of the Arabic Hippolytus fragments, and acknowledges that some later Jewish texts contain similar traditions but lack the intermediary role of the serpent.
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Claims the paper makes
55 Sources not found · 41 No basis given · 29 Own interpretation · 8 Not checked yet · 8 Own result
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In the paper
“Secondly, Sammael is said to ride the serpent, perhaps a motif for his dominance over the creature, which provokes a rebuke from the Torah over his rebellion.13”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, a number of the motifs that represent a new development in PRE are also common ideas in sources from the Christian Orient.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sammael as portrayed in PRE corresponds in many ways to Christian traditions about Satan.19”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, the agency of the serpent for Sammael is not a common idea in rabbinic literature, where the focus of exegesis is primarily the clever or wicked nature of the serpent and its superiority over other creatures 14 , its 13 Job 39:18 is used to describe the Torah's response.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
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In the paper
“First, PRE describes a clear separation between the righteous generation of Seth and the wicked generation of Cain, who rebelled against God.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, both PRE and the Cave of Treasures describe the jealousy of the 'devil' in connection with his use of the serpent to tempt Eve.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our second example, it is clear that PRE uses earlier rabbinic tradition, such as the use of Job 21 and the description of sexual immorality, to describe the generation of the flood.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
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In the paper
“First, Adam is said to have built the tomb himself.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites PRE ch.20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, PRE is the first text where the tradition is used to refer to the rebellion of the descendants of Cain in particular.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, in PRE the Cave of Machpelah is located hyrwmh rhl Cwx 'outside of Mount Moriah', that is, the site of the Temple.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 43
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper will focus on four examples from PRE which reflect exegesis also found in traditions of the Christian Orient, and mark an initial endeavour to identify the material in PRE that may have been influenced by Christian thought.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text also describes in more detail than earlier sources the licentious nature of the generation of Cain.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other later texts also contain a similar tradition to that in PRE, but again the intermediary role of the serpent is missing.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text contains a number of motifs found in earlier rabbinic tradition, but they are newly developed in the light of the contrast between the descendants of Seth and Cain.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, Sammael is explicitly named as the leader of the angels and presented as the architect in Eve's corruption.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the role of Sammael in the sin of Adam and Eve is found at the earliest in rabbinic literature in PRE.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the idea that 'the devil' used the serpent is found in these early pseudepigraphic sources, the material in PRE is gathered together in a unique way.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, his reasons for using the serpent are elaborated upon and the fact that, with regard to the serpent, 'all the deeds which it did, and all the words which it spoke, it did not speak and it did not do except by the intention of Sammael' is emphasised.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PRE ch.22 is the first rabbinic source that unambiguously elaborates on the contrast between the descendants of Seth and Cain in the context of exegesis on Genesis 6:1-8 and who formed the generation of the flood.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the close similarities between PRE and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, the tradition in the Targum does not explicitly refer to the agency of the serpent.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > '
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The association between Adam and the Temple Mount begins in PRE ch.12, which describes how Adam was created on the site of the Temple before he was brought into Eden to study the Torah and commandments.55”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
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In the paper
“The text concludes that there were three hundred and sixty-six rooms for creatures on each level.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The construction of the ark
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites PRE ch.23
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the identification of the 'daughters of men' in Genesis 6:2 with the daughters of Cain's generation can also be found in PRE, along with a description of the daughters of Cain walking about naked and practicing sexual immorality.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the motif as we have it in PRE is unparalleled in earlier sources, particularly with regard to the contrast between the generations of Seth and Cain in the context of Genesis 6:1-8, and the identification between the 'daughters of men' and the 'daughters of Cain'.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the close parallels to Christian literature on the above motifs, PRE identifies the sons of God as the angels, which is in direct opposition to the Christian view held after the third century that such an identification was unacceptable.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“PRE then describes who lived on the three storeys of the ark.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The construction of the ark
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In the paper
“Thirdly, the sexual immorality is what led to the temptation of the angels, based on Genesis 6:2 'And the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair' thus identifying the 'daughters of Cain' with the 'daughters of men'.51”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis 6:2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In particular, the seductive nature of the 'daughters of Cain' is highlighted, and they are said to walk about naked and defile themselves through sexual immorality.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Whilst on Mount Moriah, Adam reflects on the fact of his future death and decides to build a tomb for himself, which is identified as the Cave of Machpelah.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is a separation of abominable things, birds and animals, but no further distinction is made within each category of creature.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most probably, however, the implications of the 'angels of God' identified with the 'sons of God' would have been too delicate for Christological debates of that time.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
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In the paper
“Cain's descendants have to be corrupt and evil, since Cain is cursed by God (Gen 4:12) and the various inventions of his descendants lead to the corruption of mankind as well.36”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gen 4:12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“L.G. Wickham argues that the rejection of the view that the angels of God mixed with daughters of men 'would not have come to dominate Christian exegesis, had it not been for 4 th century debates about the deity of Christ'.32”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites L.G. Wickham
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“According to Ephrem, the descendants of Seth lived at the foothill of the mountain of Eden, while Cain and his wicked descendants lived in the plain below or somewhere far from Paradise.38”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ephrem
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cain is also according to some traditions, the son of the devil 37 as opposed to Seth, who is the only 'pure' son of Adam (cf.Gen 4:25; Gen 5:2).”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 'fair' daughters of Cain then nie6oou e-temmau auenkot n--`e niaggelos etaue-r satanas) implying thus they were 'fallen angels' according to the Enochic tradition, see”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to some traditions, the seduction takes place with the help of music that the daughters of Cain attend to.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to Klijn, this alternative understanding originated in a Syriac speaking environment, as the rendering 'sons of God' is also found in the Peshitta.29”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Klijn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Although A.J.Klijn, claims that the ideas about Seth in Christian literature were influenced by Jewish pseudepigrapha, such as 1Enoch, VitAd and the rabbinic literature 43 , the understanding of the mixing of the 'sons of God' with the 'daughters of men' as the mixing of the Sethites with the Cainites is a development that can be found up to Late Antiquity as such only in Christian literature.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A.J. Klijn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Church Fathers, such as John Chrysostom and others, argued that it should have been impossible for angelic incorporeal beings to have intercourse with corporeal, mortal human beings.31”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites John Chrysostom
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Music is also an invention of the Cainites (cf.Gen 4:21).39”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gen 4:21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This view is based on the separation of humanity into the righteous generation of Seth and the wicked generation of Cain.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, they would argue that under this designation 'sons of God', the 'sons of Seth' or 'Seth's generation' was meant, as it is said about Seth's descendants:”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, it is the intermarriage between the two generations that brings the subsequent corruption of the righteous generation, and finally causes the purifying flood to come upon the world, as it is emphasised particularly in the Patristic literature.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The emphasis on the seductive nature of physical beauty, as well as of the music, points to a monastic milieu and it has lead to various moralistic expositions by the Church Fathers, 41 and later Ecclesiastic writers like Euthychius of Alexandria (10 th c.). 42”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Euthychius of Alexandria
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“According to some exegetes, however, these were considered to be 'fallen angels', a reading that refers to the Enochic tradition on the fall of the angels and on the seduction of mankind by them (1En 7-8).”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 1En 7-8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The descendants of Seth should live opposite to Eden (where Adam fled after his expulsion from Paradise) but Cain's descendants live away from there, as Cain had to leave this place after he was cursed by God and built a city in Nod.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The separation of the Sethites from the Cainites is treated quite extensively already by Josephus (Antiq.I.2) and it become a topos in the Patristic literature.35”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Josephus (Antiq.I.2)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, God decides to punish them through the means of their rebellion, i.e. through water.49”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The bottom level was for manure, the second was for himself and his children and the clean animals, and the third was for the unclean animals.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis rabbah 31.11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significantly, the location of the Cave of Machpelah at the Temple Mount, and as such the creation and burial of Adam in the same area, is also found in Christian sources.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, the motif of Adam's burial is developed to locate the Cave at Mount Moriah, thus moving the location of the Cave from Mamre and Hebron/Kiriath Arba to the site of the Temple.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this broader tradition, the crimes of the people are listed based on Job 21, including the fact that the people are so arrogant that they declare they do not need God to send rain because the earth already produces its own moisture.48”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Job 21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, the Cave of Treasures was itself identified with the Temple and is described as the place of Adam's burial.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cave of Treasures
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of Christian sources locate the tomb of Adam at Jerusalem, particularly Golgotha, the centre of the earth.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The main concern of the tradition in Genesis rabbah is to make a separation between clean and unclean animals.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis rabbah
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mount Moriah is identified with the site of the Temple as early as 2 Chronicles 3:1 and repeated throughout Jewish tradition.57”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2 Chronicles 3:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Genesis rabbah 26.5 outlines how R. Simeon b.Yohai stated that the Myhl)h ynb were the sons of judges ()ynyyd) and cursed those who called them the sons of God.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis rabbah 26.5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sexual immorality as the primary sin of the generation of the flood is a widespread rabbinic tradition.50”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to certain Christian traditions, Adam was buried in Golgotha (that is, in Jerusalem)”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the widespread popularity of these ideas in Christian circles, the possibility that PRE may have developed and included this tradition through the influence of the Christian motif should be considered.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The Christian traditions and sources discussed were earlier than or contemporaneous with PRE and accessible to its editor(s).
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Thus, PRE uses earlier tradition to describe the tomb of Adam at Machpelah, including exegesis of the name Machpelah, the double nature of the cave and the fact that four couples were buried there.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis rabbah 58.4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Erubin 53a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sotah 13a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Targum Onkelos refers to the sons of the great ones ()ybrbr), as does Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, but this text also mentions the fallen angels Shemhazai and Azael in connection with them.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Apocryphal
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Targum Onkelos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In Genesis 23:1ff Abraham purchases the Cave of Machpelah, located near Mamre or Hebron, for a tomb and Genesis 49:29-32 records that Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were buried there with their wives.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis 23:1ff
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Genesis 49:29-32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A Tanna taught: The bottom level was for the manure; the middle was for the animals; and the top was for people.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanhedrin 108b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Thus, PRE has combined the rabbinic motifs of the creation of Adam on the Temple site and his burial in the Cave of Machpelah, with exegesis of Genesis 3:19, also found in the pseudepigraphic tradition, of the creation and burial of Adam in the same place.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > The Cave of Machpelah and the Temple Mount
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis 3:19
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, Procopius mentions that the different storeys should separate the unlike animals from each other and he explains further that the lowest storey was reserved for the refuse, the snakes and the beasts, that is the dangerous animals, the middle storey was the place for the tame animals, while in the highest storey were the people and the food.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Procopius
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the majority of the Christian literature, we can observe another order of levels, where this is explicitly mentioned.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has implications for the study of PRE, and perhaps other late midrashim, as the importance of examining Christian exegesis for the understanding of the development of the texts should be recognised.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the motifs discussed from PRE are popular ideas in Christian sources, and so again the probability of awareness of these ideas in Jewish circles is increased.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PRE may be alluding to the separation of clean and unclean animals, as also found in Genesis rabbah, but this is not clearly illustrated.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Genesis rabbah
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These authors try apparently to explain the inner construction of the ark in a logical way that would allow the successful preservation of all creatures”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proximity both geographically and linguistically between centres of Judaism and the Christian East also facilitates the possibility of an interchange of ideas between these two groups.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This development of the material could be due in part to the narrative style of PRE, which allowed a fuller expansion of legendary material.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text contains a number of motifs found either first of all in PRE, or that reflect a significant development of earlier rabbinic exegesis.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Theodore bar Koni thinks of three compartments, the lowest for the reptiles, the middle one for the wild animals and the highest compartment for the people, the tame animals and the birds.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Theodore bar Koni
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Noah made the animals live in the lowest part of the Ark; in the middle part he lodged the birds, while Noah himself, like the Deity, resided on the upper deck.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Sanhedrin 108b 80 states:
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ephrem (Hymn.Parad.2.12)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In some cases, the material may also have been influenced by early sources such as Philo, Josephus or the Pseudepigrapha.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philo
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Josephus
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Pseudepigrapha
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, although aspects of these traditions are found in PRE, the motif has been developed and now contains elements of the scheme also found particularly in the Christian Syriac tradition.”
§ Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Eastern Christian Exegesis * > 89
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The author(s) of Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer had knowledge of and access to Christian exegetical traditions.
“Given the widespread popularity of the idea of the devil using the serpent as an intermediary in Christian sources, it seems likely that PRE may have incorporated such a tradition through knowledge of the Christian idea.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Similarity between Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and Christian sources indicates influence rather than independent derivation from a common source.
“If we consider that this motif is found in different versions in various Greek and Syriac Christian sources from the fourth to the seventh century, while it is only found explicitly first of all in PRE, there is a strong possibility that we have here an influence of the Christian exegetical tradition on PRE.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of a motif in earlier rabbinic literature means it was not part of the Jewish tradition available to Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer.
“However, we have no direct parallel for the description of the generation of the flood in the terms of the contrast between the generations of Seth and Cain in rabbinic sources earlier than PRE.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Christian traditions and sources discussed were earlier than or contemporaneous with PRE and accessible to its editor(s).
“Given the widespread popularity of these ideas in Christian circles, the possibility that PRE may have developed and included this tradition through the influence of the Christian motif should be considered.”
“The proximity both geographically and linguistically between centres of Judaism and the Christian East also facilitates the possibility of an interchange of ideas between these two groups.”
Citations
Cites
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
The last Adam : a study in Pauline anthropology
Scroggs, R. (1966) · Basil Blackwell eBooks · Cited by 45
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Christianity", in G.A. ROBBINS, Genesis 1-3 in the History of Exegesis (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988), pp. 186-222; cf. also GLENTHØJ, Cain and Abel, p. 279.
- See Juan Pedro MONFERRER-SALA, "Gn 6,1-4 a la luz de un fragmento exegético contenido en el Kitāb al-taɛrīj al-maØmūɜa ɜalà al-taᐓqīq wa-l-tasdīq de Eutiquio de Alejandría", Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, 49 (2000), pp. 117-130.
- See SU-MIN, RI, La Caverne des Trésors. Les Deux Recensions Syriaques, CSCO 486, Script. Syr. 207 (Louvain: Peeters, 1987), pp. 38-40.
- As it occurs in the Arabic Kitāb al-Maǧāll Cf. J. P. MONFERRER-SALA, Apócrifos árabes cristianos. Introducción, traducción y notas J.P. Monferrer, «Pliegos de Oriente» (Madrid: Trotta, 2003), pp. 71 and 79.
- See B. BAGATTI, "Note sull'iconografia di 'Adamo sotto il Calvario' (Tavv. 1-12)", Liber Annuus XXVII (1977), pp. 5-32. The topos of the flood is also found in the Muslim traditions, see J. P. MONFERRER-SALA, "Fragments from the Testament of Adam in Some Arabic Islamic Sources", Journal of Medieval and Islamic History 4 (2004-5), pp. 16-17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Scriptures, Syncretism, and the Steppe: The Calf Across Cultures
Holzer, A. M. (2026) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel17080934
Metadata
- Authors
- SPURLING, H., & GRYPEOU, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Collectanea Christiana Orientalia
- Publisher
- Cordoba University Press (UCOPress)
- Published
- 2007-10-01
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 217-243
- ISSN
- 1697-2104 (ISSN-L)
- 2386-7442
- OpenAlex
- W4388920882
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- dx.doi.org
- Locations
- Collectanea Christiana Orientalia (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical and Linguistic Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
- Keywords
- Christian exegesis, Eastern Christian tradition, Jewish-Christian relations, intertextuality, Jewish apocrypha, exegesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-13, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-13 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer y exégesis cristiana oriental. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.21071/cco.v4i.14747
- The paper
- SPURLING, H., & GRYPEOU, E. (2007). Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer y exégesis cristiana oriental. Collectanea Christiana Orientalia. https://doi.org/10.21071/cco.v4i.14747
