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Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia
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“A transaction is not limited to the transfer of a crypto-asset such as a Bitcoin or Ether, but may also represent the transfer or issuance of a cryptographic token through a smart contract transaction (Wright and De Filippi, 2015).”
From Self-Sovereign Identity in a Globalized World: Credentials-Based Identity Systems as a Driver for Economic Inclusion (2020) · cites this paper as Wright and De Filippi, 2015
In the citing paper
“In other words, the lack of any single point of failure and control (such as ICANN in the context of Internet governance) contributes to increasing the resilience of blockchain-based systems, while also making it more difficult for national laws to be enforced on them [91].”
From Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance (2020) · cites this paper as [91]
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Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Justin Hughes, 2005, noting that "[i]ndependent protection of microworks and a micropayment structure would transfer wealth to existing owners of informational or financial capital, 575
- See Id, noting that micropayments and microworks "weaken the egalitarian, empowering aspect of intellectual property," because "it allows individuals with little or no preexisting property to develop valuable property out of public domain materials, completely unencumbered by obligations to prior property owners
- J H Reichman, Repackaging Rights in Subpatentable Innovation, 53 VAND. L. REV. 1743, 1776 (2000) (illustrating how the use of techno-legal mechanisms for creating artificial scarcity on information could create a "weed-like thicket of exclusive rights
- See Nick Szabo, 1997, The Idea of Smart Property
- 2012, For an overview of this movement, see The Quantified Self: Counting Every Moment, THE ECONOMIST
- 2014, Analytics and machine learning tools developed by intel analyzed the data for insights into how medications and other treatments were working and enabled Intel to measure the progression of the disease. See Clint Boulton, Intel Fighting Parkinson's Disease With Smartwatches, Big Data, The WALL STREET J
- Steve Allen, 2014, (a detail report that outlines how the confluence of advances in technology, changing consumer preferences, mobile devices, and social media "has driven the acceleration of this young, The Promise of the Quantified Self
- See Bruce, 1989, before the development of Lex Mercatoria, merchants faced "localized, often contradictory laws and businesses practices" producing "hostility towards foreign commercial customs and lead to mercantile confrontations, 55 SOUTHERN ECON. J, 644, 646
- See Leon, From the Medieval Law Merchant to E-Merchant Law, 53
- Toronto L, 2003, J, 265, 270
- Joel R Reidenberg, 1998, The Formulation of Information Policy Rules Through Technology, 76 TEX, L. REV, 553
- Stan L Rev, 1996, Merchants could not resolve their disputes by taking them to the local noble, whose established feudal law mainly concerned land claims. Nor could the local lord easily establish meaningful rules for a sphere of activity that he barely understood and that was executed in locations beyond his control, The result of this jurisdictional confusion was the development of a new legal system-Lex Mercatoria"), 1367
- See Johnson & Post, supra note 159
- Benson, 157, 646, 10.1002/mus.23521 · DOI
- Lawrence M Friedman, 2001, The original lex mercatoria was a body of mercantile custom in the middle ages. It was closely associated with the Lombard merchants, who formed a kind of transnational business class. Quite a number of institutions of modern commercial law, The Coming Global Legal Order, 347
- See Johnson & Post, 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)80830-8 · DOI
- See Trakman, 1996, at 274; see also Robert D. Cooter, Decentralized Law for A Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant
- See Fabrizio Marrella & Christopher, 2007, D]isputes between traders that arose under the law merchant would be resolved in special merchant courts run by the merchants themselves, Is Open Source Software the New Lex Mercatoria?, 47 VA. J. INT'L L, 807, 811
- Goldsmith & Wu, 10.1163/ilwo-vh13 · DOI
- See Marrella, Today, choice of law clauses permit harmonization of international commercial law by specifying that the substantive legal rules used to resolve the dispute may encompass, via the lex mercatoria, 164
- See Joel, Governing Networks and Rule-Making in Cyberspace, 10.7551/mitpress/1648.003.0005 · DOI
- J Emory L, 1996, Political and economic communities based predominantly on geographic proximity and physical contact have less relevance in cyberspace because network communities can replace physically proximate communities, 911
- 2000, allow for transfers of information "without the networks knowing the content of the data, or without any true idea of who in real life the sender of a given bit of data is, TCP/IP, the basic communication protocols for all Internet activity
- See Frank, 1996, Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse, U. CHI. LEGAL F
- See Lawrence Lessig, 1999, The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach, 113 HARV, L. REV, 501
- Id, Cyberspace demands a new understanding of how regulation works. It compels us to look beyond the traditional lawyer's scope-beyond laws, or even norms. It requires a broader account of "regulation," and most importantly, the recognition of a newly salient regulator
- Ars Technica, 2011, However, it is also worth noting that, over time, Internet service providers may be themselves decentralized through the use of widespread mesh networking
- 2014, Google Search Algorithm Changes Demote Piracy Sites From Page Rankings, Again, this has already happened in the context of websites believed to have engaged in copyright piracy. See Christian Bautista
- 2015, David Cameron. Cameron sought to ban encryption in end-to-end communications. Shortly after the proposal, the plan was dropped. See James Ball, Cameron Wants To Ban Encryption -He Can Say Goodbye To Digital Britain, THE GUARDIAN, Such a law was recently suggested by the British Prime Minister
- 2014, See Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Keeping Secrets, STANFORD ALUMNI MAGAZINE
- At the time, knowledge of how to encrypt and decrypt information was the domain of government; the NSA feared that making the secrets of cryptography public would severely hamper intelligence operations. But as the researchers saw it, society's growing dependence on computers meant that the private sector would also need effective measures to safeguard information. Both sides' concerns proved prescient
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INTRODUCTORY OF BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND APLICATION FOR EDUCATION
Rutheesh Kumar, R., U, S., & R, M. (2020) · International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i02.092
“They don't work towards a single vision or goal, an optimization endpoint and a singularity works as much as they're looking for efficient pathways and ways to freely transact [8].”
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The Flow of Political Information
Jungherr, A. M., Rivero, G., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108297820.002
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Marcinkowska, E. (2020) · Journal of Economics and Management · doi:10.22367/jem.2020.40.03
“This technology has grown out of an older, more established technology – centralised accounting books (Swan, 2015; Wright & De Filippi, 2015).”
BackgroundGovernance in Decentralised NetworksPreprint
Karjalainen, R. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3551099
Lall, M. M. (2020) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos1559
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Sadeghi, M., & Naser, M. (2020) · Roshd -e- Fanavari · doi:10.52547/jstpi.20805.16.61.1
O'Hara, K., & Hildebrandt, M. (2020) · Life and the Law in the Era of Data-Driven Agency · doi:10.4337/9781788972000.00007
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Cerdan, A., & Ferre, A. J. (2018) · doi:10.1344/der.2018.34.109-111
“The success of Bitcoin, the most digital currency in the world, is explained by the use of a decentralized system based on tests that are registered by all users, maintaining their anonymity (Back et al, 2014; Wright & De Filippi, 2015).”
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“As a general purpose technology [42], the blockchain serves as a means to record, in a secure and verifiable manner, a particular state of affairs which has been agreed upon by the network [41].”
BackgroundChidambaram, R. (2017) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.07752
“Need for an unanimous international regulatory body for AI Owing to the effects of globalization and the decentralized blockchain technology (Wright and De Filippi 2015), any advancements or catastrophes in one part of the world will directly or indirectly affect the other.”
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Tyshchenko, A. V. (2024) · Juridical scientific and electronic journal · doi:10.32782/2524-0374/2024-6/37
“Райт і Де Філіппі такий підхід називають “lex cryptographia” [10].”
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Troitskiy, V. (2021) · Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi Necmettin Erbakan University · doi:10.51120/neuhfd.2021.20 · Cited by 1
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“Pasi që një bllok të shtohet në Blockchain, ai nuk mund të fshihet dhe transaksionet që ai i përmban mund të qasen dhe të verifikohen nga secili në rrjet [2].”
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Ke, X., Zhou, G.-F., & Du, Z. (2018) · doi:10.1051/matecconf/201820805005
“The block chain[3][4], a relatively new P2P network application, is a mode of distributed data storage [5], a point-to-point transmission consensus mechanism, and an encryption algorithm [6], The consensus mechanism is a method of building trust between nodes and accessing rights in a block chain system [7].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Wright, A., & De Filippi, P.
- Affiliations
- Yeshiva University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wright, Aaron
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400945
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digital Transformation in Law
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Keywords
- blockchain, smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations, decentralized governance, decentralization (distributed systems), self-executing contracts, legal theory
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