Defining Hate Speech
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a substantial amount of overlap in the concepts of public and private in the digital age (a context collapse).
“Firstly, there is a substantial amount of overlap in the concepts of public and private in the digital age (a “context collapse,” Sellars, 2016, p. 29).”
From A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena (2023) · cites this paper as Sellars, 2016
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube
Ribeiro, M. H., Ottoni, R., West, R., Almeida, V. A. F., & Meira, W. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3351095.3372879 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Hate Lingo: A Target-Based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media
ElSherief, M., Kulkarni, V., Nguyen, D., Yang Wang, W., & Belding, E. (2018) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15041 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Kansok-Dusche, J., Ballaschk, C., Krause, N., Zeißig, A., Seemann-Herz, L., Wachs, S., & Bilz, L. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221108070 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Being aware that a speaker’s intent may be obscured, denied, not disclosed, that speakers may lie about their intent, and that online identification is difficult (Sellars, 2016), the definition implies that the consideration of intent is crucial to balancing out principles of speech.”
BackgroundTowards a Definition of Hate Speech—With a Focus on Online Contexts
Hietanen, M., & Eddebo, J. (2023) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/01968599221124309 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sellars, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sellars, Andrew
- ORCID
- Sellars, Andrew
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2577326365
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Law, Rights, and Freedoms
- Social Sciences › Law › Freedom of Expression and Defamation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- hate speech, definition of hate speech, online hate speech, freedom of expression, hate speech legislation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
