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Emotional Attachment to AI Companions and European Law

Boine, Claire·2023·MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing
DOI 10.21428/2c646de5.db67ec7f
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Research works printed but not linked: 64

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  7. Depounti, Iliana, Paula Saukko, and Simone Natale. "Ideal Technologies, Ideal Women: AI and Gender Imaginaries in Redditors' Discussions on the Replika Bot Girlfriend." Media, Culture & Society. Published electronically August 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221119021. · DOI · Paper page
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  10. Grady, Christine, Steven R. Cummings, Michael C. Rowbotham, Michael V. McConnell, Euan A. Ashley, and Gagandeep Kang. "Informed Consent." New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 9 (2017): 856-67. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1603773. · DOI
  11. Hacker, Philipp. "Manipulation by Algorithms. Exploring the Triangle of Unfair Commercial Practice, Data Protection, and Privacy Law." European Law Journal (2021): 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12389. · DOI
  12. Huang, Weijiao, Khe Foon Hew, and Luke K. Fryer. "Chatbots for Language Learning: Are They Really Useful? A Systematic Review of Chatbot-Supported Language Learning." Computer Assisted Learning 38, no. 1 (2022): 237-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12610. IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-Being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, v2, 2017. https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/other/ead_v2.pdf. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Kahneman, Daniel, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, eds. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  14. Kant, Tanya. "Identity, Advertising, and Algorithmic Targeting: Or How (Not) to Target Your 'Ideal User.'" MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing (Summer 2021). https://doi.org/10.21428/2c646de5.929a7db6. · DOI
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  19. Malmqvist, Erik, Niklas Juth, Niels Lynöe, and Gert Helgesson. "Early Stopping of Clinical Trials: Charting the Ethical Terrain." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 21, no. 1 (2011): 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2011.0002. · DOI
  20. Ramadan, Zahy, Maya F. Farah, and Lea El Essrawi. "From Amazon.com to Amazon.love: How Alexa Is Redefining Companionship and Interdependence for People with Special Needs." Psychology & Marketing 38, no. 4 (2021): 596-609. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21441. · DOI
  21. Richards, Neil, and Woodrow Hartzog. "The Pathologies of Digital Consent." Washington University Law Review 96, no. 6 (2019):1461-503. https://journals.library.wustl.edu/lawreview/article/id/6218/.
  22. Rodogno, Raffaele. "Social Robots, Fiction, and Sentimentality." Ethics and Information Technology 18, no. 4 (2016): 257-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9371-z. "Sexy Bot Xiaoice Sets 500M Chinese Men's Hearts Aflutter." DailyAlts, December 15, 2020. https://dailyalts.com/seductive-chatbot-xiaoice-sets-500m-chinese-mens-hearts-aflutter/. · DOI
  23. Stuyck, Jules. "European Consumer Law after the Treaty of Amsterdam: Consumer Policy In or Beyond the Internal Market?" Common Market Law Review 37, no. 2 (2000): 367-400. https://doi.org/10.54648/260933. · DOI
  24. Sung, Ja-Young, Lan Guo, Rebecca Grinter, and Henrik I. Christensen. "'My Roomba Is Rambo': Intimate Home Appliances." In UbiComp 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4717, ed. J. Krumm, G. D. Abowd, A. Seneviratne, and T. Strang. Berlin: Springer, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74853-3_9. · DOI
  25. Sunstein, Cass R. "Fifty Shades of Manipulation." In The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science, ed. Cass R. Sunstein, 78-115. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316493021.005. · DOI
  26. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. Nudge. Rev. ed. New York: Penguin, 2021.
  27. Trothen, Tracy J. "Replika: Spiritual Enhancement Technology?" Religions 13, no. 4 (2022): 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040275. · DOI
  28. Woods, Heather S. "Asking More of Siri and Alexa: Feminine Persona in Service of Surveillance Capitalism." Critical Studies in Media Communication 35, no. 4 (2018): 334-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2018.1488082. · DOI
  29. Tianling Xie and Iryna Pentina, "Attachment Theory as a Framework to Understand Relationships with Social Chatbots: A Case Study of Replika," January 4, 2022, http://hdl.handle.net/10125/79590;
  30. Martia Skjuve, Asbjørn Følstad, Knut Inge Fostervold, and Peter Bae Brandtzaeg, "My Chatbot Companion: A Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 149 (May 2021): 102601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
  31. Zahy Ramadan, Maya F. Farah, and Lea El Essrawi, "From Amazon.com to Amazon.love: How Alexa Is Redefining Companionship and Interdependence for People with Special Needs," Psychology & Marketing 10. Weijiao Huang, Khe Foon Hew, and Luke K. Fryer, "Chatbots for Language Learning: Are They Really Useful? A Systematic Review of Chatbot-Supported Language Learning," Computer Assisted Learning 38, no. 1 (2022): 237-57, on 237, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12610. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
  32. Mariusz Kruk and Mark Peterson (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2020), 221-38, https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2591-3.ch011. ↩ · DOI
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  34. Tracy J. Trothen, "Replika: Spiritual Enhancement Technology?," Religions 13, no. 4 (2022): 275, https//doi.org/10.3390/rel13040275. ↩ · DOI
  35. Annabell Ho, Jeff Hancock, and Adam S. Miner, "Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-disclosure after Conversations with a Chatbot," Journal of Communication 68, no. 4 (2018): 712-33, on 712, https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy026. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
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  39. Stevan A. Kramer, Positive Endings in Psychotherapy: Bringing Meaningful Closure to Therapeutic Relationships (New York: Wiley, 1990). There is a longer history of attempts to create automated (nonhuman) therapists, including the "ELIZA" program from 1966. See Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), chap. 4. ↩
  40. Erik Malmqvist et al., "Early Stopping of Clinical Trials: Charting the Ethical Terrain," Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 21, no. 1 (2011): 51-78, https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2011.0002. ↩ · DOI
  41. Raffaele Rodogno, "Social Robots, Fiction, and Sentimentality," Ethics and Information Technology 18, no. 4 (2016): 257-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9371-z. ↩ · DOI
  42. Eddie Brummelman et al., "Origins of Narcissism in Children," PNAS 112, no. 12 (2015): 3659-62, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420870112. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
  43. Janina Loh and Mark Coeckelbergh (Stuttgart: Springer, 2019), 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476- 04967-4_2. ↩ · DOI
  44. Iliana Depounti, Paula Saukko, and Siimone Natale, "Ideal Technologies, Ideal Women: AI and Gender Imaginaries in Redditors' Discussions on the Replika Bot Girlfriend," Media, Culture & Society, published electronically August 19, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221119021. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
  45. Laura Moradbakhti, Simon Schreibelmayr, and Martina Mara, "Do Men Have No Need for 'Feminist' Artificial Intelligence? Agentic and Gendered Voice Assistants in the Light of Basic Psychological Needs," Frontiers in Psychology 13 (2022): 855091, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855091. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
  46. Heather S. Woods, "Asking More of Siri and Alexa: Feminine Persona in Service of Surveillance Capitalism," Critical Studies in Media Communication 25, no. 4 (2018): 334-49, https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2018.1488082. ↩ · DOI
  47. Stephen Cave and Kanta Dihal, "The Whiteness of AI," Philosophy & Technology 33, no. 4 (2020): 685- 703, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00415-6. ↩ · DOI · Paper page
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  49. Ja-Young Sung, Lan Guo, Rebecca Grinter, and Henrik I. Christensen, "'My Roomba Is Rambo': Intimate Home Appliances," in UbiComp 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4717, ed. J. Krumm, G. D. Abowd, A. Seneviratne, and T. Strang (Berlin: Springer, 2007), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74853- 3_9. ↩ · DOI
  50. IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-Being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, v2 (2017), https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/other/ead_v2.pdf. ↩
  51. Ryan Calo, "Digital Market Manipulation," George Washington Law Review 995 (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2309703. ↩ · DOI
  52. Tanya Kant, "Identity, Advertising, and Algorithmic Targeting: Or How (Not) to Target Your 'Ideal User,'" MIT Case Studies Series in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing (Summer 2021), available at https://doi.org/10.21428/2c646de5.929a7db6. ↩ · DOI
  53. Reuben Binns et al., "Third Party Tracking in the Mobile Ecosystem," in Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, ed. Hans Akkermans, Kathy Fontaine, and Ivar Vermeulen (New York: ACM, 2018), 23-31, https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201089. ↩ · DOI
  54. Calo, "Digital Market Manipulation," http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2309703. ↩ · DOI
  55. European Commission, General Data Protection Regulation, 2016, https://gdpr-info.eu. On the "right to be forgotten," see also Nadia de Vries, "'Porsche Girl': When a Dead Body Becomes a Meme," MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing (Summer 2022), https://doi.org/10.21428/2c646de5.52d264e2. ↩ · DOI
  56. Björn Lundgren, "How Software Developers Can Fix Part of GDPR's Problem of Click-Through Consents," AI & Society 35, no. 3 (2020): 759-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00970-8. ↩ · DOI
  57. Christine Grady et al., "Informed Consent." New England Journal of Medicine 376, no. 9 (2017): 856- 67, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1603773. ↩ · DOI
  58. Neil Richards and Woodrow Hartzog, "The Pathologies of Digital Consent," Washington University Law Review 96, no. 6 (2019): 1461-503, https://journals.library.wustl.edu/lawreview/article/id/6218/. ↩
  59. Jules Stuyck, "European Consumer Law after the Treaty of Amsterdam: Consumer Policy in or Beyond the Internal Market?," Common Market Law Review 37, no. 2 (2000): 367-400, https://doi.org/10.54648/260933. ↩ · DOI
  60. M. Nørskov, J. Seibt, and O. S. Quick (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2020), 269-81, https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA200923. ↩ · DOI
  61. Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, eds., Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
  62. Cass R. Sunstein, "Fifty Shades of Manipulation," in Sunstein, The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 78-115, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316493021.005; · DOI
  63. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 2021);
  64. Calo, "Digital market manipulation."; Philipp Hacker, "Manipulation by Algorithms: Exploring the Triangle of Unfair Commercial Practice, Data Protection, and Privacy Law," European Law Journal (2021): 1-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12389. ↩ · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Boine, C.
Affiliations
Centre for Law, Technology, and Society, and Accountable AI in a Global Context, University of Ottowa
ORCID
Boine, Claire
Venue
MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing
Publisher
Knowledge Futures
Published
2023-02-26
Issue
Winter 2023
DOI
10.21428/2c646de5.db67ec7f
Cited by
34
References
10
Language
en

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