Cited by 1,098Mosquito-borne diseases and controlDengue and Mosquito Control ResearchHistory of Medicine and Tropical Health

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Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century

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Gubler, Duane J.·2011·Tropical Medicine and Health

DOI 10.2149/tmh.2011-s05PMC PMC3317603

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Abstract

Dengue is the most important arboviral disease of humans with over half of the world's population living in areas of risk. The frequency and magnitude of epidemic dengue have increased dramatically in the past 40 years as the viruses and the mosquito vectors have both expanded geographically in the tropical regions of the world. There are many factors that have contributed to this emergence of epidemic dengue, but only three have been the principal drivers: 1) urbanization, 2) globalization and 3) lack of effective mosquito control. The dengue viruses have fully adapted to a human-Aedes aegypti-human transmission cycle, in the large urban centers of the tropics, where crowded human populations live in intimate association with equally large mosquito populations. This setting provides the ideal home for maintenance of the viruses and the periodic generation of epidemic strains. These cities all have modern airports through which 10s of millions of passengers pass each year, providing the ideal mechanism for transportation of viruses to new cities, regions and continents where there is little or no effective mosquito control. The result is epidemic dengue. This paper discusses this unholy trinity of drivers, along with disease burden, prevention and control and prospects for the future.

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Authors: Gubler, D. J.
Affiliations: National University of Singapore (SG)
Corresponding author: Gubler, Duane J.
Venue: Tropical Medicine and Health
Publisher: Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine
Published: 2011
Volume: 39
Issue: 4SUPPLEMENT
Pages: S3-S11
ISSN: 1348-8945 (ISSN-L)
1349-4147
DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2011-s05
PMC: PMC3317603
OpenAlex: W2058647993
Cited by: 1,098
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 30.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Tropical Medicine and Health (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine and Tropical Health
Keywords: dengue, urbanization, globalization, Aedes aegypti, mosquito control, arbovirus infection, disease emergence, disease burden, dengue control

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Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century

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