In-house contamination of potable water in urban slum of Kolkata, India: a possible transmission route of diarrhea
Abstract
We have investigated and determined the potentiality of different water sources, both for drinking and domestic purposes, in diarrheal disease transmission in diarrhea endemic foci of urban slums in Kolkata, India in a one and half year prospective study. Out of 517 water samples, collected from different sources, stored water (washing) showed higher prevalence of fecal coliforms (58%) (p < 0.0001) in comparison with stored (drinking) samples (28%) and tap/tubewell water (8%) respectively. Among different sources, stored water (washing) samples had the highest non-permissible range of physico-chemical parameters. Fecal coliform levels in household water containers (washing) were comparatively high and almost 2/3 of these samples failed to reach the satisfactory level of residual chlorine. Interestingly, 7% stored water (washing) samples were found to be harboring Vibrio cholerae Improper usage of stored water and unsafe/poor sanitation practices such as hand washing etc. are highlighted as contributory factors for sustained diarrheal episodes. Vulnerability of stored water for domestic usage, a hitherto unexplored source, at domiciliary level in an urban slum where enteric infections are endemic, is reported for the first time. This attempt highlights the impact of quality of stored water at domiciliary level for fecal–oral contamination vis-à-vis disease transmission.
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Water can be contaminated during storage for drinking, cooking, and other domestic use in similar urban slum settings.
“Although drinking water with sufficient residual chlorine is obtained from improved sources by these households, there remains the possibility that the water can be contaminated during storage for drinking, cooking, and other domestic use, as has been previously documented in similar urban slum settings [9].”
From Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Provision of safe water and adequate sanitation does not always ensure hygienic use or adoption of other sanitary practices.
“However, the provision of safe water and adequate sanitation does not always ensure hygienic use or adoption of other sanitary practices”
From Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Point-of-use contamination of drinking water obtained from safe municipal sources is a major determinant of diarrheal disease occurrence in children in urban slums of India.
“point-of-use contamination of drinking water, obtained from safe, municipal sources, is a major determinant of diarrheal disease occurrence in children in urban slums of India [9].”
From Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India
Kanungo, S., Chatterjee, P., Saha, J., Pan, T., Chakrabarty, N. D., & Dutta, S. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab354 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Palit, A., Batabyal, P., Kanungo, S., & Sur, D.
- Affiliations
- Indian Council of Medical Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Palit, Anup
- Venue
- Water Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2012-07-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 299-303
- ISSN
- 0273-1223 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-9732
- OpenAlex
- W2073112795
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Keywords
- drinking water contamination, stored drinking water, household water containers, fecal coliforms, Vibrio cholerae, gastrointestinal infections, urban slums, Kolkata, residual chlorine, hand washing, fecal-oral transmission, water quality
- MeSH terms
- Chlorine, Diarrhea, Feces, Humans, India, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Urban Population, Water Microbiology, Water Supply, Drinking Water
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