Artificial Intelligence and Second Language Learning: An Efficient Approach to Error Remediation

“Most SLA theorists nowadays agree that noticing is a crucial event in language error correction and learning (Schmidt, 2001).”

“However, it is doubtful that language learning is a totally implicit process (N. Ellis, 2001).”

“Dodigovic (2007) defines AI in her article as follows (p. 100): Artificial intelligence (AI) is a term referring to machines which emulate the behaviour of intelligent beings [ … ] AI is an interdisciplinary area of knowledge and research, whose aim is to understand how the human mind works and how…”

“The AI system offered more effective and efficient language learning feedback, comments, and alternatives compared to other language learners, thus making a substantial contribution to learners’ language achievement (Dodigovic, 2007; Kim et al., 2019).”

“Dodigovic (2007) performed an evaluation of an ITS designed to address seven errors common to learners of English as an L2 and found that use of an ITS resulted in an average 83% reduction in these types of errors.”

“…mind processes information and knowledge from a cognitive and socio-cultural perspective has been embraced by Zanetti et al. [14] and Dodigovic [15] referring to AI as an interdisciplinary area of knowledge and research, whose aim is to understand how the human mind works and then emulate this…”

“This contrasts the literature that proposed that technology-driven applications positively impact learners' affect by engaging with non-judgemental applications (Bao, 2019; Dizon, 2020; Dodigovic, 2007; Lee, 2019; Tafazoli & Gómez-Parra, 2017).”

“In addition, AI-based instruction ensures learners receive continuous and immediate feedback on their speaking performance (Dodigovic, 2007; Kim et al., 2019).”

“Some research (Dodigovic, 2007; Golonka et al., 2014) shows that AI language learning tools can be just as good as traditional in-person classes or tutors, especially for beginners.”

“ICALL systems have evolved from early iterations like Intelligent Tutoring Systems (e.g., Dodigovic, 2007; Tschichold, 1999) to later products such as Grammarly (Barrot, 2022; Koltovskaia, 2020; ONeill & Russell, 2019) and Wordtune (Zhao, 2022).”

“First, some studies showed that using an intelligent tutoring system improved the quality of writing (e.g., Weston-Sementelli et al., 2018), the accuracy levels of the scoring system (e.g., Pandarova et al., 2019), or reduced error rate (e.g., Dodigovic, 2007).”

“…written interactions [14], process students’ language input [13], give more effective grammar feedback [23], assist students’ errors in grammar [7], provide better learning experiences [16], conduct meaningful communications [18], help students gaining more confidence [11], increase students’…”

“Artificial intelligence (AI) was defined by Dodigovic (2007, p. 100) as the technology imitating human behaviors, which was an interdisciplinary inquiry aiming to perceive the way human brain worked and integrate human working mechanisms into technologies.”

“Also in the field of language learning and teaching tasks, as highlighted by Dodigovic (2007), AI can mimic the behaviour of both teachers and learners.”

“[71] On the track of AI 2016 [72] E-learning using AI 2015 [25] E-learning experience with AI-supported software 2015 [29] College English teaching information based on AI 2013 [32] *e AI-based distance education system 2013 [24] Computer-assisted learning 2012 [23] Computer-based activities on iranian high-schools st…”

“Golonka et al. (2014) published a review of computational methodologies in language learning; the review mentions three evaluations of ITS for language learning (Nagata, 1993; Nagata, 1997; Dodigovic, 2007).”

“The abroad scholars such as Marina, D. (2007), Gutareva, N. Y. (2014), Olga Vitalievan Sumtsova and Tatiana Yurievna Aikina (2015) focus on the modern educational technologies applied in foreign languages acquisition, and the scholars at home such as Liu Wei (2013), Li Jingyun (2016) and Zhang…”

“Dodigovic (2007) has discussed the use of artificial intelligence in reducing errors in writing during the learning of another language. The AI-based system named Intelligent Tutor is used in order to remove the mistakes from the writing of university students while learning English as a second language. The study pre…”

“For instance, one such aid, called the Intelligent Tutor has the ability to identify and correct the learner errors, using multiple sources of data in order to acquire knowledge needed to diagnose the errors (Dodigovic, 2007).”

“The current study views artificial intelligence as the examination and plan of intelligent board framework that perceives its environment and adopts activities which boost learners‟ chances of success (Dodigovic, 2007; Reiland, 2017).”

“AIATS can not only emulate the behaviors of teachers or learners and offer personalized learning experiences [29], but also optimize teaching strategies and learning paths through data analysis.”

“…process, we need to build on recent advances in the fields of learning analytics (see e.g., Viberg, Wasson, & Kukulska-Hulme, 2020) and artificial intelligence (e.g., Dodigovic, 2020) to be able to offer adaptive language learning paths that address the learners’ needs across learning settings.”

“Artificial intelligence has also been applied to teach English as a second language, and it successfully remitted linguistic errors and improved the learning efficiency of students (Dodigovic, 2007).”

“…2019), vocabulary (Kim, 2018), grammar (Abu Ghali et al., 2018; Castañeda & Cho, 2016), pronunciation (Kim et al., 2021), and error correction (Dodigovic, 2007), research on AI implementation in Japan remains relatively limited, particularly in the context of fostering communicative…”

“The AI-based software called ‘Intelligent Tutor’ could help identify the mistakes and improve university learners’ writing skills (Dodigovic, 2007).”

“Rules based on string matching alone are rather limited however, and so most rule-based systems additionally make use of automatically obtained part-of-speech (POS) tags and parse information to detect and correct errors (McCoy et al., 1996; Park et al., 1997; Schneider and McCoy, 1998; Michaud et al., 2000; Dodigovic…”

“Dodigovic (2007) conducted an investigation into the role of AI in providing an effective error correction system to enhance the writing skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) learners.”

“Early studies in intelligent tutoring systems demonstrated that AI can enhance language learning through adaptive correction and guided remediation (Dodigovic, 2007).”

“There has also been research regarding Second Language Learning [11] and Error Remediation in those systems using Artificial Intelligence.”

“In terms of online language writing, the application of advanced technology has made immediate corrective and targeted feedback possible (Dodigovic, 2007) and learners’ frequency of editing their own written works increases (Yoon, 2008).”

“…oriented Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) was evaluated with both qualitative and quantitative methods, and the conclusion is that AI can be of significant help to learners, but the design needs to synchronize with learners’ needs and the appropriate language learning theory [3].”

““Those systems used in SLA that contain parsers are referred to as Intelligent Tutoring Systems [ITs], or specimens of … (ICALL)” (Dodigovic, 2007, p. 100).”

“Moreover, AI can imitate the role of both the teacher and the student (Dodigovic, 2007) and possibly replace the teacher (Goralski & Tan, 2020).”

“…ayudar a los agentes educativos (profesores, alumnos, instituciones, etc…) a conocer, mejorar y personalizar el escenario formativo de un área concreta de conocimiento, (Bailin, 1988; Harrington, 1996; Robinson, 2005; Dodigovic, 2007; Ettlinger, Morgan-Short, Faretta-Stutenberg, & Wong, 2016).”

“Meanwhile, Dodigovic (2007) has stressed their effectiveness in rectifying grammar errors.”

“The most common terms for ITS described in research are intelligent (online) tutors or intelligent tutoring systems (e.g., Dodigovic, 2007 [9]; Miwa, Terai, Kanzaki, & Nakaike, 2014 [10]), Although they are also often identified as intelligent(software)agents(e.g.,…”

“…Among the many definitions of AI proposed since its beginnings in the 1900s (Anyoha, 2017), we use “AI is an interdisciplinary area of knowledge and research, whose aim is to understand how the human mind works and how to apply the same principles in technology design” (Dodigovic, 2007, p. 100).”

“C1 – 2019-2024 (Sperling et al., 2024) In Search of Arti fi cial Intelligence (AI) Literacy in Teacher Education: A Scoping Review (Murphy, 2019) (2020) raise ethical concerns around the adoption of AIEd surrounding student rights and freedom, exploring critical questions regarding the extent to which it should be util…”

“Dodigovic (2007) investigates the utilization of artificial intelligence in the process of remediation in academic writing.”

“Dodigovic [59] la définit comme faisant référence à des machines qui imitent le comportement d'êtres intelligents.”

“The authors in [40] proposed an AI-based error remediation tutor to detect typical writing mistakes made by university students participating in English courses as their second language.”

“Foundational studies in language learning support the premise that automated error correction provides non-judgmental environments that significantly reduce student anxiety and promote active linguistic experimentation (Dodigovic, 2009).”

“…Automated Writing Evaluation Systems, mobile applications for language learning, Intelligent Language Tutoring Systems, and generative conversational AI in light of the theoretical tenets of feedback in SLA (Nagata, 1993; Dodigovic, 2007; Xi, 2010; Li et al., 2015) to produce descriptive results.”