Identifying and Overcoming Critical Barriers to Widespread Second Use of PEV Batteries
Open accessAbstract
Both the market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and deployment of grid-connected energy storage systems are presently restricted by the high cost of batteries. Battery second use (B2U) strategies--in which a single battery first serves an automotive application, then is redeployed into a secondary market--could help address both issues by reducing battery costs to the primary (automotive) and secondary (electricity grid) users. This study investigates the feasibility of and major barriers to the second use of lithium-ion PEV batteries by posing and answering the following critical B2U questions: 1. When will used automotive batteries become available, and how healthy will they be? 2. What is required to repurpose used automotive batteries, and how much will it cost? 3. How will repurposed automotive batteries be used, how long will they last, and what is their value? Advanced analysis techniques are employed that consider the electrical, thermal, and degradation response of batteries in both the primary (automotive) and secondary service periods. Second use applications are treated in detail, addressing operational requirements, economic value, and market potential. The study concludes that B2U is viable and could provide considerable societal benefits due to the large possible supply of repurposed automotive batteries and substantial remaining battery life following automotive service. However, the only identified secondary market large enough to consume the…
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ML can coordinate EV charging with renewable generation peaks so that the grid can absorb more renewables without compromising stability.
“It can also coordinate EV charging with renewable generation peaks, such as solar charging can be correlated with solar generation peaks and wind availability so that the grid is able to absorb more renewables without compromising stability [101].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [101]
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References 37 · Cited by 179
- Authors
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), G., Neubauer, J., USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), V. T. O. (.-3., Smith, K., Wood, E., & Pesaran, A.
- Affiliations
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
- ORCID
- Published
- 2015-02-01
- OpenAlex
- W2276827192
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Locations
- ELARTU (Ternopil National Technical University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)
- DOE (AC36-08GO28308)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Keywords
- plug-in electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, battery repurposing, battery degradation, battery state of health, battery cost reduction, grid-scale energy storage
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