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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Depressive Disorders
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Studies of the World Health Organization suggest that in the year 2020, depressive disorder will be the illness with the highest burden of disease. Especially unipolar depression is the psychiatric disorder with the highest prevalence and incidence, it is cost-intensive and has a relatively high morbidity. Lately, the biological process involved in the aetiology of depression has been the focus of research. Since its emergence, the monoamine hypothesis has been adjusted and extended considerably. An increasing body of evidence points to alterations not only in brain function, but also in neuronal plasticity. The clinical presentations demonstrate these dysfunctions by accompanying cognitive symptoms such as problems with memory and concentration. Modern imaging techniques show volume reduction of the hippocampus and the frontal cortex. These findings are in line with post-mortem studies of patients with depressive disorder and they point to a significant decrease of neuronal and glial cells in cortico-limbic regions which can be seen as a consequence of alterations in neuronal plasticity in this disorder. This could be triggered by an increase of free radicals which in turn eventually leads to cell death and consequently atrophy of vulnerable neuronal and glial cell population in these regions. Therefore, research on increased oxidative stress in unipolar depressive disorder, mediated by elevated concentrations of free radicals, has been undertaken. This review gives a comprehensive overview over the current literature discussing the involvement of oxidative stress and free radicals in depression. METHODS: We have carried out a medline search "oxidative stress depression", "oxidative stress affective disorders", "free radicals and depression", "free radicals and affective disorders" "antidepressants oxidative stress" "antidepressants and free radicals". We found numerous reports elaborating depressive disorder and oxidative stress. Most of the previous studies concentrated on investigating antioxidants in human blood as well as in animal models. However, few of these reports were able to show correlations of reduced oxidative stress with antidepressant treatment and clinical outcome measures. Fewer studies elaborated the concentrations of antioxidants in the human brain and some pro-oxidative enzymes in depression. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the complex role of oxidative stress in the aetiology of depression.
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“increased oxidative damage occurs quite often in depression [7–9]”
From Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Studies have demonstrated an association between depression and increased oxidative stress and inflammation and, consequently, an increase in neuronal apoptosis [47, 48].”
BackgroundFahmy, H. M., Mohamed, E. R., Hussein, A. A., Khadrawy, Y. A., & Ahmed, N. A. (2022) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-022-00579-1 · Cited by 12
“According to reports, one of the fundamental processes involved in developing depression is oxidative stress [7].”
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Paroxetine loaded PLGA nanoparticles
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Shrivastava, A. K., Magar, P. T., & Shrestha, L. (2022) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100630 · Cited by 12
“The oxidative stress is due to the imbalance in free radical generation which increases reactive oxygen species [6].”
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“Regarding the onset mechanism for IFN-induced depression, it was recently reported that inflammatory cytokines [38] and oxidative stress induced by ROS production [35] were influential and that continuously elevated glucocorticoid concentrations induced by disrupting the negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic…”
BackgroundPossible modulation of PPAR-γ cascade against depression caused by neuropathic pain in rats
Garg, S., Deshmukh, V. R., & Prasoon, P. (2017) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0108 · Cited by 12
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“Considering that conditions involving oxidative stress can damage cells, including neurons, recent studies have suggested that pathophysiological processes involving oxidant-induced neural damage might contribute to depression onset, but the findings remain inconsistent because of differences in the study designs.(3,4…”
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“Furthermore, in other diseases like depression, oxidative stress and free radicals play a fundamental role in the progression of the disease [70,71].”
BackgroundEffects of Current Psychotropic Drugs on Inflammation and Immune System
Bhatt, S., Dhar, A. K., Samanta, M. K., & Suttee, A. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_18 · Cited by 12
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Evaluation of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Vastegani, S. M., Hajipour, S., Sarkaki, A., Farbood, Y., Ghaderi, S., Rashno, M., Jahangiri, H. M., & Khoshnam, S. E. (2022) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101811 · Cited by 9
Mathew, B., Srinivasan, K., Johnson, P., Thomas, T. S., & Mandal, A. K. (2019) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_586_17 · Cited by 9
Nouri, M., Farajdokht, F., Torbati, M., Ranjbar, F., Hamedyazdan, S., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., & Araj‐Khodaei, M. (2019) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.95438 · Cited by 9
Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Zhu, Q., Wu, H. L., Liu, Z., & Zeng, L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020259 · Cited by 9
Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Yu, Z., Chen, X., Lan, T., Wang, M., & Yu, S. Y. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14040410 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, oxidative stress has emerged as a pivotal contributor to the pathophysiology of MDD [20], with evidence indicating that oxidative damage can lead to neuronal dysfunction and impair neuroplasticity [21].”
Zelfand, E. (2020) · Integrative Medicine · Cited by 8
Fronza, M. G., Brod, L. M. P., Casaril, A. M., Sacramento, M., Alves, D. A. C., & Savegnago, L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187445 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Maria Michel, T., Pulschen, D., & Thome, J.
- ORCID
- Thome, Johannes
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2012-10-13
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 5890-5899
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2159200793
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 8.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- oxidative stress, depression, major depressive disorder, free radicals, antioxidants, antidepressants, neuroplasticity, hippocampal atrophy, frontal cortex, monoamine hypothesis, neurodegeneration, etiology of depression
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Antioxidants, Brain, Depression, Humans, Risk Factors, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress
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