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Epidemiology of Candida albicans Infections and Role of Non-Candidaalbicans Yeasts
Abstract
Infections of the skin and the mucous membranes due to Candida species may occur either in immuncompromised or in non-immuncompromised patients. This is in contrast to systemic candidiasis (e.g. candidemia) which is only seen in severely immunocompromised patients. Bloodstream infections caused by Candida species are increasingly recognized in critical ill adult and pediatric individuals, with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the single most common fungal species causing nosocomial infections. However, non-Candida albicans spp., including fluconazole-less-susceptible Candida glabrata, have become more common pathogens. In some patient populations such as hematological (neutropenic) patients Non-C. albicans species are detected much more frequently as compared to non-neutropenic patients in the intensive care. Non-C. albicans species are more likely to occur in patients, who receive or have received antifungal therapy with azoles (e.g. fluconazole). In this review the current epidemiological trends in mucosal and invasive candidiasis are discussed with regard to the role of non-Candida albicans species as the causative agent in immunocompromised patients.
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“Historically, Candida albicans has been the leading cause of candidemia; however, candidemia involving non-C. albicans spp., especially Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei, has become more prevalent in recent years (11).”
From Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — 10 Sites, United States, 2017–2021 (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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Shukur, M., Kahsay, A. G., Tadesse, H. A., Saravanan, M., & Hagos, D. G. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4493445/v1
Kotgire, S., & Hatkar, S. S. (2024) · IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases · doi:10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2024.027 · Cited by 1
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Li, K., Zhang, G., Hao, W., Liu, J., Sun, Y., Gao, Z., Luo, Z., Liu, R., Liu, N., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5md00535c
9 Mucosal Immunology in Candida albicans Infection
Weindl, G., Naglik, J. R., Moyes, D. L., & Schaller, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39432-4_9
Wang, F., Yao, Y., Yang, Q., Lin, X., Zheng, Y., Zhou, H., & Huang, Q. (2026) · Revista Iberoamericana de Micología · doi:10.1016/j.riam.2025.11.001
Navigating Candidemia in a tertiary hospital: A 4-year epidemiologic and clinical review
Chehade, C. H., Habr, B., Harmouche, C., Fakhoury, M., Chehata, N., CHOKER, H., Haddad, C., Daou, I., Chebel, Z. B., Eid, R., et al. (2026) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2026.100864
Linking geography, isolation source, and genomic diversity in a global Candida albicans phylogenyPreprint
Bukari, A.-R. A., Opulente, D. A., Hittinger, C. T., d’Enfert, C., Cuomo, C. A., & Gerstein, A. C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8970909/v1
Samarelli, R., Pugliese, N., Mendoza‐Roldan, J. A., Miglianti, M., Fagundes‐Moreira, R., Laricchiuta, P., Legrottaglie, M., Danesi, P., Otranto, D., & Giusiano, G. (2026) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myag083
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruhnke, M.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ruhnke, Markus
- ORCID
- Ruhnke, Markus
- Venue
- Current Drug Targets
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2006-04-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-504
- ISSN
- 1389-4501 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091312819
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Drug Targets (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, mucosal candidiasis, immunocompromised patients, nosocomial infections, fluconazole resistance, azole antifungal therapy, hematologic patients, neutropenia, intensive care unit patients, fungal epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Candida, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Europe, Humans, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Drug Resistance, Fungal
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