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Estrogen Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer
Abstract
The estrogen receptor α (ERα) has proven to be the single most important target in breast cancer over the last 30 years. The use of the selective ER modulator (SERM) tamoxifen for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer has changed therapeutics. The SERM raloxifene, approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, lacks tamoxifens increased risk for endometrial cancer and is being evaluated for the prevention of breast cancer. Other SERMs approved or under development for use against breast cancer or osteoporosis include toremifene, GW5638, GW7604 (the active metabolite of GW5638), idoxifene, lasofoxifene, arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, EM-800 and acolbifene (the active metabolite of EM- 800). Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have recently proven to be more efficacious than tamoxifen as first-line therapy, efficacious for second-line therapy (e.g. against tamoxifen-resistant disease), and useful for extended adjuvant therapy after tamoxifen. The AIs include the non-steroidal agents letrozole and anastrole, and the steroidal agent exemestane. The pure antiestrogen fulvestrant has proven to be just as effective as AIs. Other pure antiestrogens, ZK-703, ZK-253, RU 58668 and TAS-108 show great promise. The development of resistance to endocrine therapy remains a clinically important problem, and laboratory models based on human breast cancer cells grown as tumors in immune-compromised mice have led to important insights into this problem. Progesterone receptor-negative status of ER-positive breast cancers may reflect altered growth factor receptor signaling, and helps to explain why this subclass of tumors exhibits lower response rates to tamoxifen compared to cancers typed progesterone receptor-positive. Crosstalk among plasma membrane-localized ER, growth factor receptor signaling, and nuclear-localized ER provide further insights into antihormonal-resistant breast cancer. Keywords: Estrogen receptor, selective estrogen receptor modulator, aromatase inhibitor, pure antiestrogen, breast cancer, antihormonal resistance
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“The ER in breast cancer38,39 and the AR in prostate cancer33 are the leading examples of such targets.”
From PROTAC targeted protein degraders: the past is prologue (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ariazi, E., Ariazi, J., Cordera, F., & Jordan, V.
- ORCID
- Cordera, Fernando
- Venue
- Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2006-02-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 181-202
- ISSN
- 1568-0266 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4254152438
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 10.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Advanced Breast Cancer Therapies
- Keywords
- estrogen receptor alpha, breast cancer, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibitors, fulvestrant, endocrine therapy resistance, progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer, growth factor receptor signaling, breast cancer prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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