The DOI matches its Crossref record; 190 of the 190 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 134 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?
Open accessAbstract
Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. Coffee and caffeine-containing products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity stimulation and anxiogenic-like effects. Thus, it is of interest to examine whether these effects could be detrimental for health. Furthermore, caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death. The present review summarizes the main findings concerning caffeine's mechanisms of action (focusing on adenosine antagonism, intracellular calcium mobilization, and phosphodiesterases inhibition), use, abuse, dependence, intoxication, and lethal effects. It also suggests that the concepts of toxic and lethal doses are relative, since doses below the toxic and/or lethal range may play a causal role in intoxication or death. This could be due to caffeine's interaction with other substances or to the individuals' preexisting metabolism alterations or diseases.
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TL;DR
This review summarizes caffeine’s pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, cardiovascular and central nervous system effects, and its potential for abuse, dependence, intoxication, and lethal toxicity. It argues that toxic and lethal doses are relative, because interactions, preexisting disease, and genetic/metabolic differences can make even sub-toxic doses harmful.
Key findings
- Caffeine’s main mechanism is competitive adenosine receptor antagonism, especially A1 and A2A, which can occur at low dietary doses; intracellular calcium mobilization and phosphodiesterase inhibition require higher doses unlikely from usual dietary sources.
- Caffeine half-life in humans ranges from 2 to 12 hours; CYP1A2 accounts for about 95% of caffeine clearance, and caffeine is demethylated mostly to paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%).
- Acute toxic caffeine levels are not well established, but for adults are approximately 10 g/day, comparable to about 100 cups of coffee; life-threatening overdoses usually involve caffeine-containing medications, with blood concentrations in excess of 80 mg/l, and lethal cases often involve supplements or other substances.
- Human studies provide scarce evidence that caffeine induces arrhythmias in healthy or predisposed subjects, though heavy coffee intake (10 cups/day) was associated with increased sudden cardiac death risk in 117 patients with coronary artery disease (odds ratio=55.7); cognitive benefits remain debated and may reflect relief from withdrawal rather than enhancement.
Methods
- Conceptual review including retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional studies examining caffeine’s mechanisms of action, use, abuse, dependence, intoxication, and death.
- Electronic search of Pubmed, INFORMA healthcare, EMBASE, and PsycINFO from database inception to July 20, 2014, without language restriction; search terms combined caffeine with pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, heart, brain, abuse, dependence, intoxication, or death.
- The database search selected 29,421 potentially relevant titles, and 20 additional potentially eligible articles were identified by hand-searching reference lists; no unpublished studies were found, and no evidence of language bias or significant publication bias was reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that tolerance research is limited because most studies compare caffeine-naïve individuals with habitual users or habitual users before/after abstinence; since 80% of the population reports regular caffeine use, nonusers are a selected, atypical subpopulation, and few studies compare repeated caffeine administration with placebo.
- The paper states that caffeine dependence studies are mainly observational and have difficulty verifying exact caffeine products and amounts, and that many caffeine consumers simultaneously use nicotine or alcohol, which may have overlapping effects.
- Evident from the text: this is a conceptual review rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis, and although it reports search counts and bias comments, it does not present a formal study-selection flow, quality appraisal, or quantitative synthesis.
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86 Not checked yet · 48 No basis given · 37 Own interpretation · 1 Own result
In the paper
“The same authors found a very significant association between heavy coffee intake (10 cups per day) and increased risk of sudden cardiac death in 117 patients with a history of coronary artery disease who suffered from sudden cardiac arrest vs. controls with coronary artery disease (odds ratio=55.7) [69].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Pelchovitz D.J. Goldberger J.J. Jeffrey J. Goldberger M.D. Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the evidence. Am. J. Med 2011 124 4 284 289 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.017 21435415
boostedstates an associationn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine acts as a nonselective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases [55].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Inhibition of Phosphodiesterases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Umemura T. Ueda K. Nishioka K. Hidaka T. Takemoto H. Nakamura S. Jitsuiki D. Soga J. Goto C. Chayama K. Yoshizumi M. Higashi Y. Effects of acute administration of caffeine on vascular function Am. J. Cardiol 2006 98 11 1538 1541 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.058 17126666
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ability of caffeine to block adenosine receptors can be observed also at low doses, such as those contained in a single cup of coffee.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A double-blind, randomized study [55] showed that caffeine ingestion produced an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the brachial artery, in agreement with previous studies that highlighted how acute caffeine ingestion elevated peripheral blood pressure [80, 86, 91] and augmented the forearm blood flow response to acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Umemura T. Ueda K. Nishioka K. Hidaka T. Takemoto H. Nakamura S. Jitsuiki D. Soga J. Goto C. Chayama K. Yoshizumi M. Higashi Y. Effects of acute administration of caffeine on vascular function Am. J. Cardiol 2006 98 11 1538 1541 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.058 17126666
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As regards the effects of caffeine on the human electrocardiogram [69] after the intake of moderate amounts of caffeine [72] or high-caffeine energy drinks [73], it was noticed that caffeine does not acutely induce any statistically and clinically significant changes in P-wave indices, i.e., PR interval, QRS duration, corrected QT interval (QTc), and RR interval [74].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Pelchovitz D.J. Goldberger J.J. Jeffrey J. Goldberger M.D. Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the evidence. Am. J. Med 2011 124 4 284 289 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.017 21435415
- Not checked yetcites [72] Dobmeyer D.J. Stine R.A. Leier C.V. Greenberg R. Schaal S.F. The arrhythmogenic effects of caffeine in human beings N. Engl. J. Med 1983 308 14 814 816 10.1056/NEJM198304073081405 6835272
- Not checked yetcites [73] Caron M.F. Song J. Ammar R. Kluger J. White C.M. An evaluation of the change in electrocardiographic P-wave variables after acute caffeine ingestion in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther 2001 26 2 145 148 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00336.x 11350538
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine’s pro-arrhythmic effects at high doses are supported by animal studies [65, 68], which have been performed with higher doses of caffeine and evaluation by invasive techniques.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Mehta A. Jain A.C. Mehta M.C. Billie M. Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias. An experimental study in dogs with review of literature. Acta Cardiol. 1997 52 3 273 283 9217918
- Not checked yetcites [68] Balasubramaniam R Chawla S Grace AA Huang CL Caffeine-induced arrhythmias in murine hearts parallel changes in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005 289 4 1584 1593 15923307
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The blockade of A2A receptors in the basal ganglia, i.e., the corpus striatum and globus pallidus, appears to be fundamental for the stimulatory effects of caffeine [48].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Svenningsson P. Nomikos G.G. Fredholm B.B. The stimulatory action and the development of tolerance to caffeine is associated with alterations in gene expression in specific brain regions. J. Neurosci. 1999 19 10 4011 4022 10234030 PMC6782739
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Through these mechanisms, caffeine can increase contractility during submaximal contractions in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine users.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Mobilization of Intracellular Calcium
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is also able to reduce myocardial blood flow, by inhibiting A1, A2A and A2B adenosine receptors in blood vessels and limiting adenosine-mediated vasodilation [45].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Namdar M. Schepis T. Koepfli P. Gaemperli O. Siegrist P.T. Grathwohl R. Valenta I. Delaloye R. Klainguti M. Wyss C.A. Lüscher T.F. Kaufmann P.A. Caffeine impairs myocardial blood flow response to physical exercise in patients with coronary artery disease as well as in age-matched controls. PLoS One 2009 4 5 e5665 10.1371/journal.pone.0005665 19479069 PMC2682574
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings suggest that the interaction between caffeine in high doses and dopaminergic transmission finds its roots in the increase of post-synaptic D2 receptor transmission.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 53
In the paper
“High caffeine doses induce adenosine antagonism and phosphodiesterases inhibition, interacting with the sympathetic nervous system and inducing β1-receptor activation. This results in positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, accountable for an augmented heart rate and conductivity [63].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Rudolph T Knudsen K A case of fatal caffeine poisoning. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2010 54 4 521 523 20096021
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine has been shown to elevate blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive prone men, partly by inhibiting adenosine action, leading to elevated noradrenalin release and vasoconstriction [87, 88].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Hartley T.R. Lovallo W.R. Whitsett T.L. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine in men and women Am. J. Cardiol 2004 93 8 1022 1026 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.057 15081447
- Not checked yetcites [88] Savoca M.R. MacKey M.L. Evans C.D. Wilson M. Ludwig D.A. Harshfield G.A. Association of ambulatory blood pressure and dietary caffeine in adolescents Am. J. Hypertens 2005 18 1 116 120 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.08.011 15691625
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine can induce calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [50] and can also inhibit its reuptake [51].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Mobilization of Intracellular Calcium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Supinski G.S. Deal E.C. Jr Kelsen S.G. The effects of caffeine and theophylline on diaphragm contractility. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis 1984 130 3 429 433 6476593
- Not checked yetcites [51] Endo M. Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Physiol. Rev 1977 57 1 71 108 13441
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These mechanisms of action require very high doses of caffeine, unlikely to be present in the standard diet, which contains moderate amounts of caffeine.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Inhibition of Phosphodiesterases
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is interesting to note that although adrenaline concentration increases with caffeine ingestion, the degree of the release is six times lower than the boost noted during exercise [78].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Chelsky L.B. Cutler J.E. Griffith K. Kron J. McClelland J.H. McAnulty J.H. Caffeine and ventricular arrhythmias. An electrophysiological approach. JAMA 1990 264 17 2236 2240 10.1001/jama.1990.03450170084027 2214101
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, higher concentrations of caffeine increase intracellular cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by a nonspecific phosphodiesterases inhibition, which affects cardiac contractility secondary to calcium release. The latter mechanism may increase the susceptibility for arrhythmias.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, mainly A1 and A2A subtypes, competitively antagonizing their action [40, 41] and causing an increased release of dopamine, noradrenalin, and glutamate [42, 43].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Holtzman S.G. Mante S. Minneman K.P. Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 1991 256 1 62 68 1846425
- Not checked yetcites [41] Ribeiro J.A. Sebastião A.M. Caffeine and adenosine. J. Alzheimers Dis 2010 20 Suppl. 1 S3 S15 20164566
- Not checked yetcites [42] Ferré S. Fredholm B.B. Morelli M. Popoli P. Fuxe K. Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia Trends Neurosci. 1997 20 10 482 487 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01096-5 9347617
- Not checked yetcites [43] Smits P. Boekema P. De Abreu R. Thien T. van ’t Laar A. Evidence for an antagonism between caffeine and adenosine in the human cardiovascular system J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol 1987 10 2 136 143 10.1097/00005344-198708000-00002 2441163
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It was also demonstrated that in habitual caffeine consumers, caffeine’s adrenergic effects were greatly attenuated and acute proarrhythmic effect was somewhat reduced [80].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Cheng M. Hu Z. Lu X. Huang J. Gu D. Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Can. J. Cardiol. 2014 30 4 448 454 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026 24680173
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A number of studies have demonstrated that acute caffeine ingestion increases blood pressure and catecholamine levels and decreases heart rate [74, 89].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Steinke L. Lanfear D.E. Dhanapal V. Kalus J.S. Effect of “energy drink” consumption on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters in healthy young adults Ann. Pharmacother 2009 43 4 596 602 10.1345/aph.1L614 19299320
- Not checked yetcites [89] Palatini P. Ceolotto G. Ragazzo F. Dorigatti F. Saladini F. Papparella I. Mos L. Zanata G. Santonastaso M. CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension. J. Hypertens 2009 27 8 1594 1601 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832ba850 19451835
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Finally, it has been shown that the effects of caffeine in low doses can be replicated by a selective A2A receptor antagonist, but not by a selective A1 receptor antagonist [49].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Antagonism of Adenosine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Svenningsson P. Nomikos G.G. Ongini E. Fredholm B.B. Antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors underlies the behavioural activating effect of caffeine and is associated with reduced expression of messenger RNA for NGFI-A and NGFI-B in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 1997 79 3 753 764 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00046-8 9219939
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine, besides influencing cognitive performance, increases the perception of alertness and wakefulness [105, 106] and sometimes induces anxiety, especially at high doses [107-109].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Central Nervous System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Greenberg J.A. Dunbar C.C. Schnoll R. Kokolis R. Kokolis S. Kassotis J. Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: a prospective analysis Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2007 85 2 392 398 17284734
- Not checked yetcites [106] Leathwood P.D. Pollet P. Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations J. Psychiatr. Res 1982-1983 17 2 147 154 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90016-4 6764931
- Not checked yetcites [107] Rusted J. Gupta B.S. Gupta U. Caffeine and cognitive performance: Effects on mood or mental processing. Caffeine and behavior: Current views and research trends 1999 Washington CRC Press 221 229 10.1201/9781439822470.ch13
- Not checked yetcites [108] Baldwin H.A. File S.E. Caffeine-induced anxiogenesis: the role of adenosine, benzodiazepine and noradrenergic receptors Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav 1989 32 1 181 186 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90230-X 2543990
- Not checked yetcites [109] Loke W.H. Hinrichs J.V. Ghoneim M.M. Caffeine and diazepam: separate and combined effects on mood, memory, and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1985 87 3 344 350 10.1007/BF00432719 3936091
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, antagonism of A1 and A2 receptors can cause seizures and cerebral vasoconstriction.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Central Nervous System
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of patients with coronary artery disease, in which exercise stress tests were carried out, showed that caffeine at a dose of 250 mg had no effect on exercise duration, time to onset of angina, and time to onset of ST-segment depression, although peak blood pressure increased by 7 mmHg [103].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Lopez-Garcia E. van Dam R.M. Willett W.C. Rimm E.B. Manson J.E. Stampfer M.J. Rexrode K.M. Hu F.B. Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in men and women: a prospective cohort study Circulation 2006 113 17 2045 2053 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.598664 16636169
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, there seems to be a relevant acute effect of caffeine ingestion on central hemodynamics, but not on peripheral pressure.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Karatzis et al. [94] observed, after the acute administration of caffeine, an increase of central blood pressure, but not of peripheral systolic blood pressure.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Banerjee P. Ali Z. Levine B. Fowler D.R. Fatal caffeine intoxication: a series of eight cases from 1999 to 2009. J. Forensic Sci. 2014 59 3 865 868 10.1111/1556-4029.12387 24502704
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could be due to caffeine’s interaction with other substances or to the individuals' preexisting metabolism alterations or diseases.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Besides, moderate-to-high consumers develop tolerance to caffeine and only low or nonconsumers can eventually benefit from an acute administration [10].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Griffiths R.R. Mumford G.K. Schuster C.R. Kuhar M.J. Caffeine reinforcement, discrimination, tolerance, and physical dependence in laboratory animals and humans In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 1996 Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 315 341 Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 10.1007/978-3-642-60963-3_9
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2001, the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board Committee on Military Nutrition Research reported that the ingestion of caffeine at a dose of 150 mg enhances cognitive performance for at least 10 hours [113].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Central Nervous System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Jarvis M.J. Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance? Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1993 110 1-2 45 52 10.1007/BF02246949 7870897
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coffee and caffeine-containing products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity stimulation and anxiogenic-like effects.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Rudolph T Knudsen K A case of fatal caffeine poisoning. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2010 54 4 521 523 20096021
- Not checked yetcites [117] Sawyer D.A. Julia H.L. Turin A.C. Caffeine and human behavior: arousal, anxiety, and performance effects J. Behav. Med 1982 5 4 415 439 10.1007/BF00845371 7154064
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High caffeine concentrations may cause marked hypotension secondary to vasodilation and, thus, ventricular fibrillation, which could be a possible mechanism of cardiovascular collapse [93].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Hatano Y. Mizumoto K. Yoshiyama T. Yamamoto M. Iranami H. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of isolated rat aorta induced by caffeine Am. J. Physiol 1995 269 5 Pt 2 H1679 H1684 7503265
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the WADA continues to measure caffeine levels through urinary concentration testing within its Monitoring Program, in order to investigate patterns of misuse of substances in sport.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“found that caffeine elevated peripheral blood pressure vs. placebo and the blood pressure response was not abolished after five days of caffeine doses of 600 mg/day.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Tolerance and Safety Doses
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the introduction of Red Bull in Austria in 1987 and in the US in 1997, the energy drink market has enormously expanded.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are increasing reports of caffeine abuse, dependence, and withdrawal syndromes,”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common dietary source of caffeine is coffee, but cocoa beverages, soft drinks, energy drinks, medications, and specialized sports foods and supplements also contribute to regular intake.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instant (also known as soluble) coffee generally contains less caffeine than roast and ground coffee, but is usually consumed in greater volumes.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A moderate dose of caffeine (3-5mg/kg body weight) taken an hour before a hard training or competition, has been found to significantly increase performance as compared to placebo, with the athletes affected by minimal side effects.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of thevarying amounts of caffeine consumed in each country, it is difficult to set an international standard.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The caffeine content of drugs varies from 16 mg to 200 mg per tablet (Table 2).”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The caffeine content of a cup of tea is usually less than 60 mg, but a strong cup of tea may contain more caffeine than a weak cup of regular coffee (Table 2).”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 180 ml of a soft drink contain 30-70 mg of caffeine. The major brands of cola sold in Europe contain about 120 mg of caffeine per liter (Table 2).”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recent literature suggests that the development of caffeine tolerance is partial and may differ with regard to caffeine’s central vs. peripheral effects.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Tolerance and Safety Doses
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sports, caffeine use is very common.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Energy drinks contain high concentrations of caffeine, as well as other performance-enhancing substances, such as guarana, taurine, and B vitamins.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, tolerance to the peripheral effects of caffeine may be variable, depending on the response system assessed, but it appears to be less consistent than tolerance to its central effects.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Tolerance and Safety Doses
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regulation of energy drinks, including their labeling, permissible maximum caffeine levels, and health warnings, has been rather complex in most countries, with one of the most lax normative frameworks in the US.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“symptoms manifested themselves after 12-24 hours, reached a peak at 24-48 hours, and persisted for about one week [151].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Central Nervous System
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Shapiro R.E. Caffeine and headaches. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 2008 12 4 311 315 10.1007/s11916-008-0052-z 18625110
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the recent years, to limit this phenomenon, regulatory upper limits have been set for those beverages in which caffeine is not contained naturally, but added either from a natural or a synthetic source.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Countless brands can now be found, with caffeine content ranging from a modest 50 mg to an alarming 500 mg per can or bottle.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A cup is usually assumed to contain 180 ml of coffee, but an espresso may contain as little as 40 ml [157].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [157] Lovallo W.R. Wilson M.F. Vincent A.S. Sung B.H. McKey B.S. Whitsett T.L. Blood pressure response to caffeine shows incomplete tolerance after short-term regular consumption. Hypertension 2004 43 4 760 765 10.1161/01.HYP.0000120965.63962.93 14967827
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic factors may also contribute to an individual’s vulnerability to caffeine-related disorders.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, several studies suggest that energy drinks may serve as a gateway to other forms of substance dependence.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cocoa and chocolate drinks contribute to the diet with 4-5 mg of caffeine per cup, dark chocolate and cooking chocolate with 0.7-0.9 mg per gram.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decaffeinated coffee, regardless of the method of decaffeination, must contain less than 0.1% caffeine by dry weight to comply with regulations. This corresponds to about 3-5 mg of caffeine in a cup of decaffeinated coffee.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Robusta coffees contain about twice as much caffeine than arabicas.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee can vary greatly, depending on its origin or the composition of the blend, the brewing method, and the strength of the brew.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The sympathetic nervous system has an important role in regulating blood pressure [156].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Tolerance and Safety Doses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] James J.E. Critical review of dietary caffeine and blood pressure: a relationship that should be taken more seriously Psychosom. Med 2004 66 1 63 71 10.1097/10.PSY.0000107884.78247.F9 14747639
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to 2004, caffeine was included in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List of substances and methods, with a legal urinary concentration limit of 12μg/ml;”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the type of tea and the infusing time can affect the amount of caffeine.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reissig et al. [159] have described several negative effects of excessive caffeine consumption.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Cherniske S. Caffeine Blues: Wake Up to the Hidden Dangers of America's #1 Drug. 1998 1st ed New York Warner Books Inc 35
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Response differences may merely reflect genetic differences between nonusers and habitual users, or an atypical response to caffeine that might have led to nonusers’ caffeine avoidance.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Tolerance and Safety Doses
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: 80% of the population report regular use of caffeine.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This revision was based on the acknowledgment that caffeine enhances performance at doses that are impossible to differentiate from daily caffeine use and that the practice of monitoring caffeine use via urinary concentration is not completely reliable.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Teacontains more caffeine than coffee by dry weight, but less weight is used, in general, to brew a cup of tea.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“has a urinary concentration limit of 15μg/ml; thus, athletes in the NCAA must take into account that caffeine is still on the list of controlled substances.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine-containing Products
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects can cause both psychological and physical dependence.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they are a direct result of the caffeine-induced chemical activation of different neuronal pathways through alterations in neurotransmitters’ release.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of caffeine use on the cardiovascular system taken into account to evaluate the risk of acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases are also the result of the direct and/or indirect actions of caffeine on the neuroendocrine control systems of vascular resistance, cardiac function, and electrolyte balance.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an attempt to address this problem, the DSM-5 [162] suggested the code “substance use disorder”, where the specific substance has to be indicated,”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is characterized by a behavior aimed at obtaining the substance and by intrusive thoughts that focus on the substance, such as intrusive thoughts about caffeine.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Craving is a key element in the genesis of substance addiction and relapse that often individuals with abuse or dependence encounter.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, many individuals who consume caffeine simultaneously consume other substances, such as nicotine or alcohol, which may have overlapping effects.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV-TR categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The disorder can occur in a broad range of severity, basing on the number of symptom criteria endorsed: mild, if 2 to 3 symptoms are present, moderate if 4 to 5 symptoms are present, and severe if 6 or more symptoms are present.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Caffeine intoxication is a recognized clinical syndrome included in the DSM-5 [162] and the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) [165].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine Toxicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
- Not checked yetcites [165] Verheul R. van den Brink W. Geerlings P. A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol Alcohol Alcohol 1999 34 2 197 222 10.1093/alcalc/34.2.197 10344781
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeine, like other psychoactive substances, can induce abuse and dependence.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > CONCLUSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some disorders are typically linked to recreational and professional athletes who consume caffeine to face fatigue and intense workouts.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years caffeine use has increased, especially among young people, due to the wide diffusion of caffeinated beverages advertised as energy drinks.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Energy drink consumption may increase the risk of caffeine overdose in caffeine abstainers, as well as habitual caffeine users.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine Toxicity
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“2) psychological craving that occurs during abstinence and often leads to relapse. It is related to the activation of the reward system, located in the brain in the medial forebrain bundle, which includes the dopaminergic meso-cortico-limbic pathway.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] WHO Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms 1995 World Health Organization Geneva
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the years, the existing literature has applied DSM-IV-TR [161] or previous criteria to assess dependence among populations of users.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Kashkin K.B. Kleber H.D. Hooked on hormones? An anabolic steroid addiction hypothesis JAMA 1989 262 22 3166 3170 10.1001/jama.1989.03430220089036 2681859
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, caffeine, like alcohol and tobacco, is legally used, but, unlike the last two, its sale in the form of high concentration drinks or tablets is not controlled or restricted.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the wide diffusion of caffeine in the form of drinks, foods, and medications, death from acute intoxication is relatively rare and is mostly caused by voluntary or involuntary ingestion of tablets containing pure caffeine in high concentrations.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, some individuals go on to abuse caffeine to enhance their concentration and memory or to improve their physical performance, and in some cases develop a dependence syndrome.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has been demonstrated that caffeine is able to induce an abstinence syndrome during withdrawal after prolonged use and can lead to addiction and tolerance mechanisms,”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The acute toxic level of caffeine is not well established, but for adults it is approximately 10 g/day, which is comparable to a consumption of approximately 100 cups of coffee [167].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine Toxicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Greden J.F. Anxiety or caffeinism: a diagnostic dilemma Am. J. Psychiatry 1974 131 10 1089 1092 4412061
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“1) physical craving that occurs in substance addicts or alcoholics who stop taking drugs or drinking after a long period of excessive consumption; this type of craving is mostly associated with physical symptoms of the withdrawal type, such as increased heart rate, sweating, nausea, agitation, tremors, etc.;”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] WHO Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms 1995 World Health Organization Geneva
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Whereas in the past a diagnosis of substance abuse required only one symptom, substance use disorder in the DSM-5 requires at least two symptoms from a list of eleven.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In caffeine dependence, individuals start to consume extremely high doses, ignoring all safety issues; they take a combination of two or more different sources of caffeine, for example, coffee and energy drinks, although the combination is not proven to have any added desirable effects; they consume caffeine almost continuously for years, reaching an excessive cumulative duration of use.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeine’s psychological effects are also responsible for its widespread use, as they can provide energy and improve cognitive skills;”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of the known mechanisms of action, caffeine can be considered as a psychostimulant, since its main effects are correlated to the interfering action on the neuroendocrine control systems.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A “substance dependence disorder” was coded by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1989 [160].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] Reissig C.J. Strain E.C. Griffiths R.R. Caffeinated energy drinks--a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009 99 1-3 1 10 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 18809264 PMC2735818
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which on the one hand may determine a reduction of the “dangerous” cardiovascular effects, but on the other hand may increase frequency and amounts of consumption.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > DISCUSSION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once considered a manifestation of the withdrawal syndrome, craving appears to be essentially the result of a stimulus evoking the substance, but sometimes its onset is not apparently linked with any stimulus; it tends to diminish with time, but it can appear even after years of abstinence.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even if caffeine causes the classic withdrawal syndrome, mediated by neuroendocrine and cortical neurotransmitter systems,”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Substance craving was added to the list and problems with law enforcement were eliminated because of cultural considerations that made the criteria difficult to apply internationally.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The revised substance use disorder, a single diagnosis, better matches the symptoms that individuals experience.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine use, Abuse, and Dependence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Only in one lethal case, described by Chaturvedi et al. [174], the concentration of caffeine was below the fatal levels and above the toxic levels: this was a case of multi-chemical death involving caffeine and nicotine.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Caffeine Toxicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Bryant J. Suicide by ingestion of caffeine. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1981 105 12 685 686 6895464
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine use is increasing worldwide.
“Caffeine use is increasing worldwide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common.
“Furthermore, caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine abuse and dependence can lead to caffeine intoxication.
“Furthermore, caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caffeine intoxication puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death.
“Furthermore, caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The majority of studies compare caffeine-naive individuals to habitual caffeine users, or habitual users before and after caffeine abstinence.
“The majority of studies compare caffeine “naïve” individuals to habitual caffeine users, or habitual users before and after caffeine abstinence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
80% of the population report regular use of caffeine.
“As 80% of the population report regular use of caffeine, nonusers are much selected, atypical subpopulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very few studies compare individuals subjected to repeated caffeine administration versus controls taking placebo.
“Furthermore, very few studies compare individuals subjected to repeated caffeine administration vs. controls taking placebo.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Since estrogen has a neuroprotective or neurotrophic effect and regulates the dopamine system of the black striatum [7], estrogen regulates the effect of caffeine on the dopamine system and suggests that a complex interaction between caffeine, estrogen, and dopamine exists in the basal ganglia system [8].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Effects on the Cardiovascular System
“Prineas et al. [69] found that nine cups of coffee were associated with twice the risk of PVCs after adjusting for other risk factors.”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > References
“69. Pelchovitz D.J. Goldberger J.J. Jeffrey J. Goldberger M.D. Caffeine and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the evidence.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
“Theobromine constitutes the higher proportion of the biologically active metabolites [27].”
§ Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? > RESULTS > Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
“caffeine is subjected to demethylation, resulting mostly in the release of paraxanthine (84%), followed by theobromine (12%) and theophylline (4%).”
Citations
Cites
Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6 · Cited by 2,624 · cited 1×
“After ingestion, caffeine is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulatory system [17, 18].”
BackgroundCalcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endo, M. (1977) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1977.57.1.71 · Cited by 1,591
Effects of caffeine on human health
Nawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A., & Feeley, M. (2003) · Food Additives and Contaminants · doi:10.1080/0265203021000007840 · Cited by 1,199 · cited 1×
“Generally, life-threatening caffeine overdoses entail the ingestion of caffeine-containing medications, rather than caffeinated foods or beverages [168], and have been associated with blood concentrations in excess of 80 mg/l [169].”
BackgroundHANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
Reichlin, S. (1969) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-196911000-00008 · Cited by 1,139
Coffee and Health: A Review of Recent Human Research
Higdon, J. V., & Frei, B. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390500400009 · Cited by 1,090 · cited 1×
“Generally, life-threatening caffeine overdoses entail the ingestion of caffeine-containing medications, rather than caffeinated foods or beverages [168], and have been associated with blood concentrations in excess of 80 mg/l [169].”
BackgroundCaffeinated energy drinks a growing problem
Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 · Cited by 1,026 · cited 1×
“A “substance dependence disorder” was coded by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1989 [160].”
BackgroundAdenosine–dopamine receptor–receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia
Ferré, S., Fuxé, K., Fredholm, B. B., Morelli, M., & Popoli, P. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01096-5 · Cited by 825 · cited 2×
“Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, mainly A1 and A2A subtypes, competitively antagonizing their action [40, 41] and causing an increased release of dopamine, noradrenalin, and glutamate [42, 43].”
BackgroundCaffeine and Exercise: Metabolism, Endurance and Performance
Graham, T. E. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002 · Cited by 819
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance
Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L., Willoughby, D., Stout, J., Graves, B. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-5 · Cited by 686
Chen, J., Xu, K., Petzer, J. P., Staal, R. G. W., Xu, Y., Beilstein, M. A., Sonsalla, P. K., Castagnoli, K., Castagnoli, N. J., & Schwarzschild, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-10-j0001.2001 · Cited by 617 · cited 1×
“In addition, in epidemiological reports [11] and experimental models [12, 13], caffeine has been found to have a role in the prevention of motor symptoms and loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.”
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Cited by
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Items 601–627 of 627
Masters, C., Ali, A., Badenhorst, C. E., Dickens, M., & Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. J. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70203 · Cited by 1
“However, interindividual variation in response to caffeine is broad, with many factors, such as genetics, gender, body composition and medications influencing the ergogenic effects on exercise performance (Cappelletti et al. 2015; Neh-lig 2018; Domaszewski et al. 2025).”
Zwiesele, M. (2026) · Heilpflanzen · doi:10.1055/a-2794-8961
Shao, Y., Xu, L., An, X., Zhang, J., Xie, H., Gong, J., Haishui, D., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1832731
To feed or to fast? Nutritional triggers in migraine: a narrative review
Pala, D., Tosto, F., Munafò, A., Burgalassi, A., Romozzi, M., Iannone, L. F., Vollono, C., Calabresi, P., Casillo, F., & Lorenzo, C. D. (2026) · Confinia Cephalalgica · doi:10.4081/cc.2026.15921 · Cited by 1
“(66,97) In migraine, A 2A activation can contribute to the dilation of cerebral vessels, enhancement of CGRP release, and activation of the trigeminovascular system.”
Michalska, P., Przybylska, Z., Purpura, A. A., Rolski, W., Przystaś, B., Hobot, M. P., Dobosz, G. P., Podeszwa, S., Grzechowiak, M., & Michalski, P. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5580
Effect of Caffeine on the Skeletal System—A Review of Experimental Studies
Stanczak, P., Krzysztofik, W., Rudolf, W., Grzywnowicz, K., & Folwarczna, J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18132089
“In humans, caffeine intake is typically classified as low (<200 mg/day), moderate (200–400 mg/day), and high (>400 mg/day) [34], which, assuming an average body mass of 65 kg, corresponds to approximately <3.1 mg/kg/day, 3.1–6.2 mg/kg/day and >6.2 mg/kg/day, respectively.”
InfluentialApplication of phytochemicals in clinical trials for treatment of diseases and malignant tumors
Santos, E. P. L., Pinto, D., Rodrigues, F., Vallverdú‐Queralt, A., Blaize, B., Kumar, L. D., Montalbano, S., Galati, S., Buschini, A., & Cordani, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-32888-6.00012-8
Usos recreativos, medicinales y etnobotánicos de hongos alucinógenos: una revisión
Chillogallo–Torres, É. A., Calle‐Morán, M. D., Cando–Andrade, K. P., Morocho-Malla, Á. R., & Luzuriaga-Rodríguez, E. N. (2026) · Multidisciplinary Collaborative Journal · doi:10.70881/mcj/v4/n3/164
Sheibani, N., Wang, S., Darjatmoko, S. R., & Sorenson, C. M. (2026) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2026.111152
Caffeine Increases Rate of Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Healthy Young Males and Females
DÆHLI, M. R., Clauss, M., Skattebo, Ø., Johansen, E. I., Jeppesen, P. B., & Jensen, J. (2026) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-026-00388-6
Martins, R. S., Borges-Martins, V. P. P., Teixeira, C. H. D. C., Gonçalves‐Ribeiro, J., Vaz, S. H., Reis, R. A. D. M., Sebastião, A. M., & Kubrusly, R. C. C. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70520
Zhang, J., & Song, Q. (2026) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.935767 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, its influence on cortical serotonin activity enhances arousal and central drive [17,20], thereby supporting superior motor fiber recruitment throughout SIT sessions.”
Czell, D., & Brandenberger, M. A. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2026.07.012
Rekik, S., Fessi, M. S., Hidouri, S., Hagan, J. E., Ardelean, V. P., Geantă, V. A., Trabelsi, K., & Moalla, W. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14080329
A Descriptive Survey of Student RN Anesthetists' Use of Cognitive Enhancers
Hammon, L. T., Rojo, M. O., DeClerk, L. C., Jin, J., Cowan, P. A., & Johnson, T. (2026) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20260612-01
Nakajima, Y., Sugita, H., Yamaga, H., Kurihara, M., Sato, M., 光本, 明., 純, 佐., Numazawa, S., & Dohi, K. (2026) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15563650.2026.2709002
Herbal bioactives with neuroactive potential
Youssef, I. M., & El-Hack, M. E. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45446-2.00009-0
Chenchu, H., & Bordoloi, A. (2026) · doi:10.62329/jchy5287
Caffeine and paracetamol co-purify with C-reactive protein from surgical patients
Buschhaus, C., Klatt, S., Cabrera, A., Richter, K., Hecker, A., Grau, V., & Amati, A. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-05025-0
“Coffee or caffeine are not prescribed, but patients, who underwent gastrointestinal surgery, are often encouraged to drink a cup of coffee, because of its known positive effects on intestinal motility [32, 33, 35].”
Das, S., Karayiannis, N. C., & Roy, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177704
“Symptoms like agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, tachycardia, seizures, and death, in extreme cases, may result from caffeine intoxication [26,27].”
Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172898
Caffeine mitigates neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits induced by brain irradiation in mice
Borges, M. D. Q., Oliveira, G. C., Saraiva, H. G. S., Teixeira, L. G., Ferreira, J. B. F., da Silva, J. F. R., LAU, C. S. C., Pacífico, L. D. C., Vianna, A. R. D. C. B., Barradas, P. C., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2026.2728688
Habay, J., Ezzy, Q. D., Arauz, Y. L. A., Proost, M., Russell, S., Pauw, K. D., Cutsem, J. V., Roelands, B., & Pattyn, N. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70247
“As caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist (Cappelletti et al. 2015) and has been shown to influence both MF responses as well as the effects of sleep restriction (Clark and Landolt 2017; Proost et al. 2022), it was considered a relevant covariate in the present analyses.”
KAFEİNİN PSİKOFARMAKOLOJİK ETKİLERİ: NÖROPROTEKTİF KULLANIMA İLİŞKİN ÇIKARIMLAR
Nezlioğlu, M. N., & Arslan, A. K. K. (2026) · Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.33483/jfpau.1679029
Polish Consumer Preferences and Awareness about Products Containing Caffeine
Mikołajczyk-Bator, K., & Kikut‐Ligaj, D. (2026) · Krakow Review of Economics and Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie · doi:10.15678/krem.18791
“This alkaloid, due to its ability to stimulate the central nervous system, is commonly used in formulas of many medications all over the world (Mustard, 2014; Cappelletti et al ., 2015).”
Yılmaz, U., & Kazak, U. (2026) · Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi · doi:10.56639/jsar.2002095
Thomas, J. V., Mohan, M. E., Das, S. S., Allimuthu, N., Devasia, S., Aneesa, P. A., Madhavamenon, K. I., & Sasidharan, B. C. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1879347
Metadata
- Authors
- Cappelletti, S., Daria, P., Sani, G., & Aromatario, M.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Aromatario, Mariarosaria
- Venue
- Current Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2015-04-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-88
- ISSN
- 1570-159X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4462044
- OpenAlex
- W2314874570
- Semantic Scholar
- a83840eb0d48fe8a65daac85625a6173f17dbc6b
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Collegiate Athletic Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Keywords
- caffeine, cognitive enhancement, physical performance, adenosine antagonism, calcium mobilization, phosphodiesterase inhibition, caffeine toxicity, caffeine dependence, cardiovascular effects, central nervous system stimulation, anxiogenic effects, lethal dose, drug interactions, caffeine metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Caffeine, Drug Utilization, Humans, Nootropic Agents, Substance-Related Disorders, Athletic Performance
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