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Cited by 119Immune Response and InflammationDermatology and Skin DiseasesInflammasome and immune disorders

Toll-like receptors in skin infections and inflammatory diseases

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Lai, Yuping, Gallo, Richard·2008·Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets
DOI 10.2174/1871526510808030144PMC PMC2744356
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Abstract

The skin is the ultimate example of the function of innate immunity, it alerts the host of danger by many systems including sensing pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) through Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), yet normally provides defense without inflammation. The skin responds rapidly to invading microbes by producing antimicrobial peptides or other antimicrobial intermediates before cytokine release results in inflammation. To achieve maximal immune responses for clearing invading microbes, the activation of select PRRs in skin then initiates and shapes adaptive immune responses through the activation of dendritic cells and recruitment of T cell subsets. Importantly, cross-talk between TLRs can influence this system in several ways including augmenting or suppressing the immune response. As a consequence of their pivotal role, TLR responses need to be tightly controlled by associated negative regulators or negative feedback loops to prevent detrimental effects from TLRs overactivation. This review focuses on describing the involvement of TLRs in the development of skin infections and inflammatory diseases, and highlights the potential application of TLR agonists or antagonists in these skin diseases.

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  • Activation of keratinocyte PRRs leads to Th1-type immune responses and production of type I interferons along with antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and cathelicidin.

    “Their activation leads to Th1-type immune responses and production of type I interferons (IFNs) [28–30] along with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensins and cathelicidin [28]”

    From Host–Candida auris interactions in the skin (2026) · cites this paper as [29]

    Section 3.1 reports that TLR3 activation produces type I interferons in human keratinocytes, and section 3.2 links keratinocyte TLR activation to antimicrobial peptides, including β-defensins and cathelicidin. Sections 3.1 and 3.3 attribute promotion of Th1-type responses to IL-12 produced by activated dendritic cells, not specifically to keratinocyte PRR activation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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References 135 · Cited by 119

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Authors
Lai, Y., & Gallo, R.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Gallo, Richard
ORCID
Venue
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published
2008-09-01
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
144-155
ISSN
1871-5265 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2174/1871526510808030144
PMC
PMC2744356
OpenAlex
W2059066465
Cited by
119
References
135
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI
2.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI052453, R37AI052453)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR052728)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords
Toll-like receptors, skin infections, inflammatory skin diseases, innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, antimicrobial peptides, dendritic cells, T cell recruitment, negative feedback regulation, TLR agonists, TLR antagonists
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Dermatitis, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Skin, Skin Diseases, Infectious, Signal Transduction, Feedback, Physiological, Toll-Like Receptors

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