Analysis of the mitochondrial membrane potential using the cationic JC-1 dye as a sensitive fluorescent probe.
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, fluorescent dyes have been frequently used for monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential to evaluate mitochondrial viability and function. However, the reproducibility of the results across laboratories strongly depends upon following well validated and reliable protocols along with the appropriate controls. Herein, we provide a practical user guide for monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential in whole cells using a fluorescent cationic probe. The data analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential we provide is one associated with the impact of xenobiotics such as tobacco smoking on blood-brain barrier endothelial cells including both mouse primary (mBMEC) and a mouse-based endothelial cell line (bEnd3) in a side by side comparison.
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The red/green fluorescence ratio of JC-1 indicates the balance between healthy and dysfunctional mitochondria.
“The red/green ratio indicates the balance between healthy and dysfunctional mitochondria (Sivandzade et al., 2019).”
From Aging promotes an increase in mitochondrial fragmentation in astrocytes (2024) · cites this paper as Sivandzade et al., 2019
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Kim, H., & Lee, D. G. (2021) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2476 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Aging promotes an increase in mitochondrial fragmentation in astrocytes
Araujo, A. P. B., Vargas, G., Hayashide, L. D. S., Matias, I., Andrade, C. B. V., de Carvalho, J. J., Gomes, F. C. A., & Diniz, L. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1496163 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mamouei, Z., Singh, S., Lemire, B., Gu, Y., Alqarihi, A., Nabeela, S., Li, D., Ibrahim, A., & Uppuluri, P. (2021) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000957 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shin, S., Bae, G.-H., Park, J. D., Koh, E.-Y., Ko, S., Han, J., Park, C. G., Kim, D.-H., Na, K., & Park, W. (2026) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sivandzade, F., Bhalerao, A., & Cucullo, L.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cucullo, Luca
- Venue
- BIO-PROTOCOL
- Publisher
- Bio-Protocol, LLC
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2331-8325 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6343665
- OpenAlex
- W2908296170
- Cited by
- 881
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 11 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 25.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BIO-PROTOCOL (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alternatives Research and Development Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA029121)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- mitochondrial membrane potential, JC-1 dye, mitochondrial viability, blood-brain barrier endothelial cells, smoking, xenobiotics
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