The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cardiovascular Anomalies in Turner Syndrome: Spectrum, Prevalence, and Cardiac MRI Findings in a Pediatric and Young Adult Population
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Turner syndrome affects one in 2,500 girls and women and is associated with cardiovascular anomalies. Visualizing the descending thoracic aorta in adults with Turner syndrome with echocardiography is difficult. Therefore, cardiac MRI is the preferred imaging modality for surveillance. Our goals were to use cardiac MRI describe the spectrum and frequency of cardiovascular abnormalities and to evaluate aortic dilatation and associated abnormalities in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cases of 51 patients with Turner syndrome (median age, 18.4 years; range, 6-36 years) were evaluated with cardiac MRI. The characteristics assessed included aortic structure, elongation of the transverse aortic arch, aortic diameter at multiple locations, and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). Additional evaluations were made for presence of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR). Associations between the cardiac MRI data and the following factors were assessed: age, karyotype, body surface area, blood pressure, and ventricular sizes and function. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (31.4%) had elongation of the transverse aortic arch, eight (15.7%) had CoA, 20 (39.2%) had BAV, and eight (15.7%) had PAPVR. Aortic dilatation was most common at the aortic sinus (30%). Elongation of the transverse aortic arch was associated with CoA (p < 0.01) and BAV (p < 0.05). Patients with elongation of the transverse aortic arch had dilated aortic sinus (p < 0.05). Patients with PAPVR had increased right heart mass (p < 0.05), increased ratio of main pulmonary artery to aortic valve blood flow (p = 0.0014), and increased right ventricular volume (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular anomalies in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome include aortic abnormalities and PAPVR. The significant association between elongation of the transverse aortic arch and CoA, BAV, and aortic sinus dilatation may contribute to increased risk of aortic dissection. The presence of PAPVR can be hemodynamically significant. These findings indicate that periodic cardiac MRI screening of persons with Turner syndrome is beneficial.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Depending on the age and the imaging technique used, the prevalence of CHD in TS ranges from 40%-60%, most commonly left-sided obstructive lesions such as BAV and coarctation (Table 11).3,356,385-388”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [388]
In the citing paper
“CHD occurs in approximately half of individuals with TS, including BAV, aortic coarctation, and an arteriopathy that can lead to rare but often fatal aortic dissections.”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [388]
In the citing paper
“Vascular anomalies, including partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, left superior vena cava, elongated transverse arch, and dilation of the brachiocephalic arteries, often remain undetected unless advanced imaging modalities are used.388,395”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [388]
In the citing paper
“CMR is not constrained by anatomic factors and is thus more sensitive for extra-cardiac lesions such as partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.388,395,420”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [388]
In the citing paper
“Non-invasive imaging is an essential part of cardiovascular screening and surveillance across the life span of individuals with TS,233,388,396,418-423 but imaging remains underutilized and not systematically applied.420,424”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [388]
Citations
Cites
Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner syndrome study group
Bondy, C. A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1374 · Cited by 1,005
Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome
Stochholm, K., Juul, S., Juel, K., Naeraa, R. W., & Højbjerg Gravholt, C. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0558 · Cited by 652
Rosenfeld, R. G. (1990) · Cited by 501
Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Turner Syndrome
Saenger, P. H., Wikland, K. A., Conway, G. S., Davenport, M., Gravholt, C. H., Hintz, R. L., Hovatta, O., Hultcrantz, M., Landin‐Wilhelmsen, K., Lin, A. E., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7683 · Cited by 419
Cardiovascular Malformations and Complications in Turner Syndrome
Sybert, V. P. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.1.e11 · Cited by 326
Major Vascular Anomalies in Turner Syndrome: Prevalence and Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Features
Ho, V. B., Bakalov, V. K., Cooley, M., Van, P. L., Hood, M. N., Burklow, T. R., & Bondy, C. A. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000142290.35842.b0 · Cited by 316
Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Turner Syndrome
Saenger, P. H. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3061 · Cited by 301
Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta.
Prince, M. R., Narasimham, D. L., Jacoby, W. T., Williams, D. M., Cho, K. J., Marx, M. V., & Deeb, G. M. (1996) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.166.6.8633452 · Cited by 292
Clinical and epidemiological description of aortic dissection in Turner's syndrome
Gravholt, C. H., Landin‐Wilhelmsen, K., Stochholm, K., Hjerrild, B., Ledet, T., Djurhuus, C., Sylvén, L., Baandrup, U. T., Kristensen, B. Ø., & Christiansen, J. S. (2006) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951106000928 · Cited by 264
Congenital heart disease in patients with Turner’s syndrome
Mazzanti, L., & CACCIARI, E. (1998) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70119-2 · Cited by 261
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–125 of 125
Prevalence and Impact of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Turner Syndrome
Tenisch, E., Gigliotti, S., Lam, J., Busiah, K., Kopp, P. A., Niel, F., Pitteloud, N., Bouchardy, J., Sekarski, N., Ladouceur, M., et al. (2025) · CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cjcpc.2025.06.004 · Cited by 1
[Clinical implications for fertility and pregnancy in Turner syndrome].
López-Muñoz, E., Zarco, A. H., & Peñafiel, A. H. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Ece, B., Yiğit, H., Ergün, E., & Koşar, P. N. (2018) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.23209 · Cited by 1
An Unusual Cause of Respiratory Distress in an Infant
Rusciolelli, C., Hageman, J. R., & Groner, A. (2014) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00904481-20140417-11
Congenital Cardiovascular Defects in Monosomy X or Turner Syndrome
Bondy, C. A. (2015) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000375207
Ductus-Dependent Congenital Heart Disease in the Neonate
Kearney, D. L. (2011) · Pathology Case Reviews · doi:10.1097/pcr.0b013e3182298772
Cardioskeletal Muscle Disease Associated With Chromosomal Disorders
Lalani, S. R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800040-3.00016-9
Biological Complexities, Myths, and Realities
Segal, N. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803994-6.00006-8
Clinical Syndromes Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review
Yang, X. S., Sun, J. P., & Yan, B. (2017) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2016.0071
Review Article Single gene disorders of the aortic wall
Halushka, M. K. (2012)
Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Turner Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome, and SHOX Gene Mutations
Backeljauw, P. F., & Gutmark‐Little, I. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73782-9_6
Self-citationThe Heart and Vasculature in Turner Syndrome: Development, Surveillance, and Management
Young, L., & Silberbach, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34150-3_6
Yiğit, H., Ergün, E., & Koşar, P. N. (2020) · Folia Morphologica · doi:10.5603/fm.a2020.0100
Orellano, H. A., Casella, M., & Spina, S. V. (2020) · Revista de ecocardiografía práctica y otras técnicas de imagen cardíaca · doi:10.37615/retic.v3n2a10
Ashworth, M. T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316337073.012
Davenport, M. L., ROSS, J. L., & Backeljauw, P. F. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-395-4_7
Self-citationBicuspid Aortic Valve Disease in Turner Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence
Thokerunga, E., Ali, Y. A., & Ntege, C. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2022.137023
Analysis of a streamlined pathway for aortic surveillance for Turner syndrome in a single centre
Glatzel, H., Njue, F., Turner, H. E., & Orchard, E. (2023) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14968
Kaur, H., Saholi, S., Goyal, P., & Rai, K. (2021) · GMC PATIALA Journal of research and medical education · doi:10.56412/gmcp.2021.4.2.89
Singh, P., & Yadav, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1639-5_18
Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Turner Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome, and SHOX Gene Mutations
Gutmark‐Little, I., Muthuvel, G., & Backeljauw, P. F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66296-6_6
Self-citationPartial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Turner Syndrome: Small Patients, Big Implications
Shah, A. H. (2025) · CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cjcpc.2025.07.002
Patil, S. (2025) · Radiopaedia.org · doi:10.53347/rid-223566
Hu, F., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, X., Ding, Y., Ying, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., et al. (2025) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-025-04137-w
Aortic Dissection Prevalence: Scoping Review with ☸SAIMSARA
SAIMSARA (2026) · SAIMSARA Journal · doi:10.62487/saimsara9f77c469
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, H. K., Gottliebson, W., Hor, K., Backeljauw, P., Gutmark-Little, I., Salisbury, S. R., Racadio, J. M., Helton-Skally, K., & Fleck, R.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
- Venue
- American Journal of Roentgenology
- Publisher
- American Roentgen Ray Society
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 196
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 454-460
- ISSN
- 0002-9580 (ISSN-L)
- 0361-803X
- 1546-3141
- OpenAlex
- W2156222569
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Roentgenology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Aortic Disease and Treatment Approaches
- Keywords
- cardiovascular anomalies, aortic dilatation, coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, aortic dissection risk, pediatric and young adult patients, right ventricular volume
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Image Enhancement, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Retrospective Studies, Turner Syndrome, Comorbidity, Incidence, Prevalence, Cardiovascular Abnormalities, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
