Radiation effects on cerebral white matter: MR evaluation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the white-matter changes associated with cranial radiation by MR imaging. The MR scans of 95 patients receiving conventional external beam radiation for a wide variety of central nervous system tumors were reviewed. Moderately T2-weighted spin-echo images with a 2000-msec repetition time and 56-msec-echo time were analyzed for white-matter abnormalities without knowledge of the patient's history. These were correlated with radiation dose, port, and time interval since completion of therapy, and then compared with an age-matched control group of 180 patients with nonirradiated, space-occupying, intracranial lesions. Radiation-related lesions were characterized as symmetric, high-signal foci in the periventricular white matter. Relative sparing of the posterior fossa, basal ganglia, and internal capsules was noted. In patients older than 20 years, these changes paralleled those seen in ischemia but were more prevalent (p less than .005). In 25 patients with sequential MR scans, these findings remained stable. In those patients with limited treatment fields, for example, pituitary adenomas, no statistical differences were seen between radiation-treated and nontreated groups. Cerebral white-matter changes that mimic deep white-matter infarction are frequently seen in response to therapeutic radiation. There is a variable incidence of radiation effects, becoming more marked in older patients. MR interpretation must consider the neuropathologic consequences of therapeutic radiation, which include demyelination, microvascular occlusion, and blood-brain barrier breakdown.