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La medicina popular en la costa colombiana del Pacífico
Open accessAbstract
Como el trabajo que se presenta fue recogido en excursiones de meses en la costa colombiana del Pacífico, damos a continuación, en forma comprimida, una visión geográfica y humana de los lugares visitados para que, conocido el medio y sus habitantes con sus situaciones conexas, las razones medicinales que presentamos alcancen un mayor valor. De esta manera, el estudio del formulario podrá hacerse con plenitud más anchurosa, a la vez que se conocerá mejor el discurrir de esas regiones.
Overview
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TL;DR
This 1957 article reports 1955 ethnographic and medical-anthropological fieldwork along Colombia’s Pacific coast, especially Tumaco and Nuquí, documenting popular medicine, hot/cold classifications, magical-religious healing, and the socioeconomic conditions sustaining them. It argues that poverty, isolation, poor sanitation, and lack of biomedical services make folk medicine the practical and culturally preferred option.
Key findings
- Popular medicine predominates in the coastal villages studied; the author attributes this to the natural landscape, poor communications, government neglect in education and hygiene, and poverty. Curanderos, midwives, prayers, and plant/animal/mineral remedies are used, with diseases classified as hot/cold, “de los vientos,” and blood-related, and treated by opposites.
- Field sites showed severe deprivation: Nuquí had 965 dwellings, with 3.2% having a bath, 3.2% water, 2% light, and 1% sanitary facilities; Tumaco had 7,566 dwellings, with 3.5% bath, 4% sanitary, 3.9% water, and 1.1% light. Endemic diseases included paludismo, anemia tropical, amibiasis, tuberculosis, lepra, and others; 50% of inhabitants had never been vaccinated against smallpox, typhus, measles, or diphtheria.
- Diet was monotonous and expensive relative to wages: in Tumaco, a peón de aserrío earned $3.00 daily, an arrastrador de trozas $2.00, and a bracero $1.05 per ton, while a medical visit cost $10.00, a simple penicillin injection $3.00, and streptomycin $7.00. This economic gap supported home and folk treatment.
- Magical-religious practices were documented: diagnosis by agitated urine, ensalmos for bleeding, snakebite, and childbirth, novenas with balso dolls, the jai/chicha ceremony, and repeated use of odd numbers (3, 7, 9). Hot/cold foods and remedies were also prescribed according to the patient’s state.
Methods
- Fieldwork in 1955 as an investigator of the Instituto Colombiano de Antropología; one month in each site; data collected in Tumaco and Nuquí cabeceras on housing, racial/family composition, migration, civil status, schooling, occupations, diet, wages, geography, history, fauna/minerals, markets, commerce, and folklore.
- Informants included midwives, curanderos, parents, and Normal School teachers; whites, mulatos, and blacks, all adults with long experience. Interviews occurred in the afternoons; multiple formula describers were confronted on specific points; official hygiene centers were consulted in Tumaco but not Nuquí; plant and animal identifications were made with the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales herbarium.
- Analysis was qualitative ethnographic and medical-anthropological description, classifying remedies and diseases into hot/cold, winds, and blood, with tables on demography, housing, wages, prices, and mortality; no formal statistical modeling is reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the author could not deepen topics of sexuality, menstruation, and witchcraft because informants showed reserve and caution; samples come entirely from the visited cabeceras because the missionary could not travel to rural veredas; and in Nuquí no health post existed to compare official records.
- Stated: the list of remedies is not exhaustive, and some informant statements may be incomplete.
- Evident from the text: reliance on a small set of named informants and 50 worker families over 30 days, no systematic sampling or quantitative inference, no clinical validation of remedies, and some tables are garbled or OCR-damaged.
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Claims the paper makes
141 No basis given · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Own result · 8 Own method · 7 Sources not found
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In the paper
“Cuando la familia nada logra con los remedios habituales del pasado, se acude al hombre que reúne el doble atributo de curandero especializado y de brujo propiamente.”
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In the paper
“Poco es lo anterior si se considera que en la misma población un médico oficial se unió, para merecer consideraciones y aumentar su clientela, con uno de los shamanes del lugar que ve las enfermedades en orines agitados, en los ojos estrábicos de los pacientes, en el ritmo del pulso de los afiebrados, después de dar a los que sufren, carne de león macho para que broten a la piel las dolencias es”
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In the paper
“Entre sus componentes se hallan plantas con propiedades frías y calientes que, al combinarse entre sí, pierden caracteres específicos y adquieren otros nuevos.”
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In the paper
“En los caseríos de la costa hay seria preferencia por la medicina popular.”
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In the paper
“La escuela, mal orientada, calla hasta el punto de que en Nuquí los estudiantes, en gran número, manifestaron en nuestra presencia su anhelo de ser curanderos.”
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In the paper
“las enfermedades de los ribereños del Pacífico se puntualizan también con estos nombres.”
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In the paper
“En efecto, en algunos tratamientos del bazo, neuralgias faciales y desarreglos de la sangre, los medicamentos son aplicados de acuerdo con la posición del sol o de la luna, con la noche o el nacimiento del día, con el sereno nocturno o los vientos predominantes.”
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In the paper
“La pobreza familiar sostiene los tratamientos caseros.”
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In the paper
“La no ingestión diaria de muchos alimentos obedece, a nuestro juicio, a los precios prohibitivos de los artículos, según nuestro diario de viajes:”
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- Rests on an assumption: The prices recorded in the travel diary are representative of the usual prices faced by coastal inhabitants.
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In the paper
“Las muestras que se dan, pertenecen, en un todo, a las cabeceras visitadas.”
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In the paper
“Con todo, la enseñanza en estos lugares extremos del país no produce los frutos esperados.”
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In the paper
“También ayuda a sostener la tradición la carencia de vías.”
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In the paper
“A despecho de lo dicho en estas notas necesarias, los grupos estudiados no son reacios a la medicina moderna.”
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 153
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In the paper
“La ribera achatada del sur, baja y anegadiza, cubierta de manglares y de un cielo de lluvia, se pierde al llegar a Cabo Corrientes. En adelante, las bahías y ensenadas muestran una tierra alta y seca, rica en colinas y en vegetación.”
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- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Todo el mundo está propenso a ser atacado por el aire.”
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In the paper
“tenía que echar mano de bejucos y de flores, las emplea en pócimas curativas, en pociones y vomitivos, en de hojas y frutos, de plantas rastreras y de arbustos, de raíces y cáscaras.”
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In the paper
“Por el color de la orina se sacan las alteraciones de la salud.”
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In the paper
“Nacemos con la sangre de nuestros padres, es decir, con las cualidades que posea la del varón, ya que la de la madre no cuenta, según piensan, en el proceso biológico.”
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In the paper
“Quinina, yerbas y bejucos amargos se le negarán, por su valor abortivo.”
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In the paper
“En Tumaco hay más de 2.000 niños en edad escolar que vagan por la isla robando cocos o haciendo de braceros, bogas, sirvientes, emboladores, etc.,”
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In the paper
“Tumaco-Pasto, 12 horas en ferrocarril y carretera. Tumaco-Esmeraldas, 12 horas en lanchas de motor. Tumaco-Casasviejas, 60 horas en canoa. Tumaco-Barbacoas, 24 horas en lanchas de motor.”
- Also stated in: § Vías de comunicación. · p. 5 · plain
“Tumaco-Buenaventura, 24 horas en buque. Tumaco-S. P. del Vino. 24 horas en canoa.”
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- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
- Also stated in: § Vías de comunicación. · p. 5 · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estos males pueden ser fríos o calientes. Todo depende del estado del cuerpo, de la hora de marcha del agente venenoso, de la temperatura del ambiente o del trabajo o quietud en que se encuentre el sujeto.”
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“Para salvar al que sufre, el hechicero ejerce férrea disciplina no sólo en la persona que piensa curar pero también sobre el conjunto que rodea al embrujado.”
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In the paper
“La locura y la somnolencia continuas arrancan del mal fluír de la que, en los días del período, oye los insultos que se infieren a las mujeres, pára su curso y se arremolina en la cabeza desde donde priva el juicio recto de pensar y obrar y engendra el desacierto.”
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In the paper
“Los gobiernos departamentales han tenido el cuidado de establecer escuelas en los lugares visitados.”
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In the paper
“La mujer grávida es caliente, y como tal, sus alimentos serán fríos.”
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In the paper
“La herencia ayuda a ello.”
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In the paper
“Alimentos y medicinas calientes; baños aromáticos y sahumerios especiales ajustados en momentos particulares, además de las bebidas ferruginosas, levantan el ánimo de los pequeñuelos”
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In the paper
“Si no está muy tramada, el niño saldrá de su encierro vivo o muerto, de pies o de cabeza, con todas sus tachas raciales y sus virtudes divinas.”
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In the paper
“Para sostener el ánimo del paciente, concurren las aguas de palosanto y tres cogollos de chiva bien hervidos, a fin de provocar sudores copiosos.”
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In the paper
“En los achaques mensuales, por ejemplo, deberá alimentarse con sustancias calientes antes que con frías.”
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In the paper
“con padres paupérrimos, que necesitan de sus hijos para los quehaceres del campo que da la subsistencia;”
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“Si el organismo visitado tiene la sangre débil, penetra el agente maligno por heridas, poros, boca, ano, manifestándose más tarde en dolores de cabeza, malestar general, tiesura de algunos músculos, etc.”
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In the paper
“Si el hijo es engendrado de los cincuenta a los setenta años, llegará al mundo débil y enfermizo, falto de apetencias y deseos, disminuído de carnes y de pasiones triunfadoras.”
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In the paper
“Para poner estas enfermedades se recurre a las novenas.”
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In the paper
“Tumaco posee un hospital insuficiente para la población, y Nuquí carece de puesto de salud.”
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In the paper
“Divididos los enemigos de la víctima en grupos de a tres, se van descartando nombres y posibilidades hasta llegar al verdadero.”
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In the paper
“Un ejemplo es el agua. Recién tomada de la fuente, es fría; hervida, es cálida o fresca; hervida y dejada en el sereno, vuelve a ser fría para algunos curanderos.”
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In the paper
“Conocido el mal, se entra a determinar si lo que aflige viene de Dios o de la magia.”
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In the paper
“Tumaco comercia con Norteamérica, España, Ecuador, etc. Exporta maderas, corte. za de mangle, tagua, caucho, arroz, cacao, etc. Con el país trata comercialmente con Barbacoas, Túquerres, Pasto, Juanambú, Buenaventura, Guapi. De estos lugares trae panela, cigarrillos, tabaco, azúcar, carne, trigo, cebada, mercancía, rancho, licores, maquinaria, drogas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Nuquí, la panela escasea con frecuencia, hasta el extremo de recurrir a los confites para el endulce del café. Es crónica la falta de fríjoles, judías, rábanos, mangos, aguacate, perejil, papaya, coles, limones, nabos, membrillo, garbanzos y habas, fuentes de carotina, tiamina, ácido ascórbico y riboflavina, necesarios para las mujeres que gestan o crían, para los niños y adultos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sólo la sífilis, con todas sus consecuencias, llega al hombre como enfermedad que viene de la sangre.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una muchacha lúcida, fuerte, sana, de líneas amplias y despercudidas, es un elemento propenso a la caída, a la mudanza matrimonial.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El cansancio físico, las relaciones sexuales, la menstruación, los partos, la embriaguez, la ira, el temor, la rabia, los viajes, las riñas, la luna y elsol, son debilitantes de la sangre.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Componente del uerpo de primer orden y vehículo de las enfermedades”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al agitar el líquido se presentan, en desfile casi milagroso, las toses rebeldes y las fiebres nocturnas, los desarreglos estomacales y las llagas incurables provenientes de rastro cogido y puyado con huesos de culebra; la incontinencia de orina y los peces y gusanos en la vía digestiva; las tramas en los mordidos por serpientes venenosas y los dolores de cabeza a causa de la sangre cortada; part”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El menstruo y los partos contribuyen a esto.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Tumaco hay colegios privados, escuelas misionales y el ya célebre Liceo Tumaco, creado en 1910 y dirigido hasta hace poco por el insigne educador alemán Max Seidel.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para determinar la naturaleza de cada una, se fija el curandero en el sitio adolorido y en las proyecciones del mal.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las endemias predominantes del territorio, agravadas con la rudimentaria habitación familiar, el agua y la alimentación, pueden sintetizarse en paludismo, anemia tropical, amibiasis, diarreas, pian con sus secuelas, ascaridiasis, tuberculosis, lepra, mordeduras de culebras, bronquitis, neumonías, furunculosis, erisipelas y nacidos, sarna y carate, bocio, las afecciones del hígado y del bazo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con excepción de dientes y de muelas, las calientes abarcan de la cabeza a la cintura.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los desnutridos y pálidos, los mocosos y diarreicos; los que duermen continuamente sin dar señales de vigor, los virtuosos y los albinos son seres de sangre flaca que urge enriquecer.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Toman su asiento en esta parte del cuerpo por ser las extremidades inferiores las que más permanecen en contacto con la tierra, el agua, las piedras y las sustancias minerales consideradas frías en el concierto regional.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usase asímismo la magia para hacer sufrir a las madres impidiéndoles los partos o reteniendo las placentas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El murciélago, se dice, es frío por su trabajo nocturno.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para conocer estos actos mágicos hay ensalmos y búsqueda del autor pára conocerlo en sus capacidades y en su fuerza sugestiva.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es común oír en los pueblos del Alto y Bajo Chocó que tal o cual enfermedad proviene de las influencias de un enemigo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumaco cuenta, además, con uno o dos descendientes de ingleses, con tres o cuatro de alemanes e italianos, media docena de chinos, varios sirios y ecuatorianos de la costa. En Nuquí encontramos dos bogotanos, cuatro boyacenses, dos caldenses, cuatro antioqueños y tres vallecaucanos enrolados en la policía y en empleos menores.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No es raro, en estos casos, curar un aire frío con medicamentos de esta índole o uno caliente con pociones que contradicen el postulado medicinal de cruzar las drogas con las enfermedades.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A un bracero que gana por cada tonelada de embarque $ 1.05; un peón arrastrador de trozas que recibe al cabo de la jornada $ 2.00 solamente; un palanquero de Chorí que cuenta al atardecer con $ 4.00 para doce personas; un leñador o cogedor de maíz a quien le pagan $ 2.50 después de ocho horas de trabajo en los tremedales del Patía”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 50 worker families with whom the authors lived are representative of the workers in Nuquí and Tumaco.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A falta de lo anterior se administra infusión de quinina en agua de yerbas hervidas —verbena o zapata—, a fin de dominar las bascas y cerrar la puerta al flujo frecuente del vientre”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La medicina costeña es varia- 2. dísima.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los dolores acaecidos por venganza y envidia también son tratados por estos curanderos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | 75 % | |---------|--------| | Blancos | 2.5% | | Mulatos | 20. % | | Zambos | 1.5% | | Indios | 1. % |”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A no ser por hechos graves, la embarazada está privada de medicinarse.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando se acierta o se ha creído acertar con el causante del desaguisado, un familiar del caído o el curandero que lo trata, va a donde el brujo y le ruega cure al que padece. Si accede, el enfermo está salvado. De lo contrario, la conjura surtirá sus efectos y el escogido perecerá devorado, además de la indisposición, por la angustia secreta de sus propiostemores.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“el nativo emplastos y brebajes hechiceros que trastornan la cabeza o producen visiones como el pildé o ayahuasco y el borrachero morado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rezos y peticiones durarán nueve noches. En cada una se dirán rosarios y credos, pronunciando con frecuencia el nombre del que debe morir. En la última estancia se cierra el foso con barro, suplicando al muñeco atraiga al basurero el ánima de aquel que despierta en el pueblo rencores y odios por su comodidad o su prestigio.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La horizontalidad femenina no es un derivado del medio ambiente, de la falta de frenos familiares o de la carencia de religión, sino del grosor del cuerpo, de la abundancia de grasa, del ímpetu sanguíneo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La lista de los servicios públicosno pudo hacerse porque ninguno de estos Municipios tiene acueductos ni alcantarillados, ni asilos, ni nada.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De los cuarenta años en adelante, agregaron, toda hembra sufre achaques fríos en mayor eantidad que los hombres, por acercarse la menopausia, fecha en que principian a morir aunque caminen y canten”
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Escogido el envidiado, se hace un muñeco de balso que lo representa. Es su imagen. Con ésta se va al bosque donde se cava una zanja, que es la fosa simbólica del que se desea dañar. Metido el muñeco en este hueco, se comienza a rezar la novena que irá matando en forma lenta al señalado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Nuquí, la prostitución se considera como una resultante de la sangre desarreglada.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los quebrantos fríos aparecen de la cintura para abajo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En materia de vías de comunicación sólo Tumaco está unido a Pasto por un ferrocarril inconcluso y una mala carretera. Los otros lugares están sujetos al movimiento del mar o de los ríos, a los vientos, canoas y bogas, y a las trochas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Tumaco y Nuquí la mortalidad neonatal es más pronunciada en las madres mineras, leñateras, bogas, agricultoras, cargueras, que cuentan en cada familia de ocho a diez niños perdidos por los oficios fatigantes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sangre fuerte para un tumaqueño es aquella que repele los males.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El saúco, caliente de suyo, se torna frío si se hierve y envasa para usos posteriores.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si a las doce del día la sangre se halla en su mayor potencia, a las dos de la mañana se mostrará rebajada en uno o dos grados”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para destruír estas patrañas se rezan las oraciones a San Ramón Nonato, abogado de las que paren, o se invoca la bendición de San Francisco”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El agua que se toma es mala en grado sumo. Existen pozos artesianos sin cubiertas, de cuyo fondo se extrae un líquido salobre, revuelto con las suciedades de la calle. En las casas pudientes hay tanques con mallas mal acondicionadas que recogen huevos productores de la anquilostomiasis y la tricocefalia, depositados allí por los gallinazos que merodean sobre los tejados. Agua hervida no se toma”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No ha descuidado la medicina regional las etapas críticas del menstruo, del embarazo y del parto.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En cada una de estas jornadas, se dice, la mujer está al borde del sepulero.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debajo de las casas se hallan, por desgracia, en muchos lugares lejanos a las cabeceras, barro aguanoso, basura, mosquitos, fiebre. El mar entra en algunas, y en casi todas aparecen gallinas y cerdos. En los cuartos las concentraciones familiares que comen a una misma hora, se conocen y observan, piensan en el deber y en las penas que unen. Tras de la promiscuidad aparecen las enfermedades respir”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando se presume fría la dolencia, los remedios deben ser calientes, tales los ungüentos y fricciones que se aplican para”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pueden entrar aquí las enfermedades contraídas por el aire que entra al cuerpo por díversos conductos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“El censo de edificios y viviendas de1951 da el dato exacto de las casas sin baño, sanitarios, agua, luz, en las proporciones siguientes:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites censo de edificios y viviendas de1951
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un cambio de los maderos que se consumen en el fogón de la casa donde yace la enferma; cerrar con llave la puerta del cuarto que sostiene la parturienta; cerrar un candado, pensando en que esto va a ser dañino a la alumbradora, son hechos suficientes para poner en apuros a la hembra que está en trance.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para mejorar están las sajaduras, los sinapismos de ortigas y vejigatorios de plantas mordientes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El 50% de los habitantes no se han visto vacunados jamás contra la viruela y el tifo, el sarampión y la difteria.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un alumnado hambriento y sin restaurantes escolares; propensos sus componentes a gripas continuas y atacados de bocio, insuficiencia tiroideana, uncinariasis, ascárides, tricocefalia, amibiasis, diarreas, pero sin médicos especiales ni clínicas, ni botiquines escolares;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En estos casos son corrientes los bebedizos calientes, las frotaciones y purgantes, los tragos de ginebra o de anisado con miel de abejas, las infusiones de apio y ajenjo, paico y anís, cilantro en grano y el consabido aceite de castor”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estos males son comunes también a las mujeres.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un trago de tres hojas de albape bien cocidas, es suficiente. Pasarse de esta dosis es propiciar la frigidez.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Venéreas, tumores, chancros, parálisis, molestias del corazón, asfixias, son hijos directos de la abundancia sanguínea o de infecciones en ella.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“También se atribuyen al aire los eructos y dolores estomacales por hambre, los resfríos y neuralgias palúdicos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nacionalizado el plantel en 1948, carece en la actualidad de local apropiado, dotación, etc., etc.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contra los genios adversos hay otras como la ruda y la altamisa.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De diez informantes, cuatro de ellos aseguraron que los males fríos infestan por igual a hombres y mujeres. Seis, se pronunciaron en contra.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Síntomas de algunas enfermedades de este género son los vómitos después de ciertas comidas, diarreas y decaimientos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“algunas toses, caries y abscesos dentales, debilidades pulmonares, del riñón, convulsiones de los recién nacidos, tétanos de las heridas, pian y sus secuelas, caquexia y úlceras incurables, para citar algunas, son ubicadas en este grupo, no porque aparezcan de la cadera para abajo, sino por ser producidas por agentes fríos”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un niño de sangre pobre puede mejorar mediante pringues y remedios.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“b) Con la República de Panamá, en buques de motor y en veleros.”
- Also stated in: § Vías de comunicación. · p. 5 · plain
“e) Con Buenaventura, en buques de vapor y en veleros.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
- Also stated in: § Vías de comunicación. · p. 5 · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Otra cosa digna de anotarse es la alimentación. Pobre en elementos básicos, no responde, como debiera, a los tipos de trabajo regional. Bogas, macheteros, aserradores, segadores de arroz, albañiles, cavadores de pala y pico, mineros, etc., engullen poca carne, escaso huevo, ninguna mantequilla, desconociendo la leche como alimento de primer orden. El pan abundante y las frutas son artículos de luj”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los pescados se vuelven fríos y venenosos si han sido muertos con dinamita o con sustancias vegetales.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La menstruante puede sufrirlo, las paridas y las que esperan el período.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La Empresa Gran Colombiana, como caso de excepción, daba a sus asalariados drogas y médico siempre que el obrero enfermase en el trabajo que se le había asignado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 50 worker families with whom the authors lived are representative of the workers in Nuquí and Tumaco.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“niños mal vestidos, descalzos, pues sus progenitores y acudientes jornaleros, agricultores y artesanos no alcanzan a darles prendas acondicionadas,”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los ardores y calambres que en ocasiones molestan indican con claridad que hay aire en las arterias.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El ciclo mensual, el embarazo, los abortos, los partos, las inflamaciones internas tienen su origen en la sangre.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se cree, también, que la temperatura de la mujer, en virtud de la sangre, es inferior a la del hombre.”
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para estos últimos los malestares fríos son más comunes en las mujeres, especialmente en las madres de varios partos y con años suficientes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumaco posee un hospital insuficiente para la población, y Nuquí carece de puesto de salud.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un mes antes del parto debe tomar infusiones de yerbabuena una vez al día, o tragos mañaneros de anisado con ruda, paico, poleo, alhucema, romero.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Toda planta sirve para curar.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para el curandero de oficio la hembra, en cualesquiera de estos estados, es digna de atención, ya que en cada uno de ellos aparece más débil y propensa a las infestaciones e infecciones más comunes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si la dolencia es un hecho natural, ocurrirá una visible mejoría, en cuyo caso se seguirá el tratamiento iniciado o aconsejado por el médico. Si el enfermo se agrava, el achaque será obra del diablo, notoria filiación de poderes extraños, en extremo peligrosos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por esto dizque enferman más las primeras que los otros.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un hecho digno de destacarse es la vivienda de los costeños. Pajizas, levantadas sobre pilotes gruesos, parecen al viajero como regadas al azar. Cercadas de cañabrava, palma picada o madera, muestran pisos maltratados por el tiempo. Hay chinches y zancudos en algunas de las tales. Por la derecha o por la izquierda el monte está cercano, con sus horrores y sus bichos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para ello se da al quejoso tragos y fricciones de agua bendita con reliquias de santo o se coloca en la parte que duele una medalla de Santa Lucía, abogada de la peste. Un sahumerio de ramo pascual con hojas de ruda y altamisa, incienso y mirra, reemplaza, en algunos lugares, las prácticas anteriores.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la costa la sangre asume puesto de pre- 2. ferencia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En polvo, y tomado por la madre, no concebirá más.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cada dentellada de perro sobre él será una herida en la matriz de la madre y aliciente del entuerto.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si la criatura es hombre, se miden dos dedos en el cordón umbilical y se corta. Si mujer, dos y medio.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Partir el cordón en forma rasante a la piel del estómago es propiciar los ataques que producen la muerte.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ante la espiroquetosis de Castellani, los chocoanos ya no fomentan el contagio, como se hacía hace vienen a La Perla del Pacífico, después de seis o siete días de treinta años.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La tuberculosis intestinal, el descuaje de la matriz, las úlceras vaginales pueden tener su origen en estas imprudencias.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Quibdó se depositan las sobras al pie de árboles astringentes, como guayabo, guamo, para que contribuyan, mágicamente quizá, a cicatrizar la cortadura.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los vermífugos o antihelmínticos deben darse en menguante y al amanecer, para volverlos más activos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta asfixia aparece cuando la madre es baja de vientre o se ha demorado el parto por estorbos imprevistos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es la hora de tratar las alteraciones de las amígdalas o agallones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para probar los ojos del recién nacido, se exprime en ellos gotas de limón frío. Si llora, la vista del pequeño es perfecta.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Echado en aguardiente y peinándose con éste, crecerá el pelo más fuerte y brillante.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La que ha dado a luz se reputa fría como la menstruante. Por esta razón, alimentos y remedios serán calientes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al caer el muñón, se guarda.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Creen los médicos de la región costera que el tiempo influye sobre el sistema curativo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No es aconsejable que la preñada duerma mucho, porque con el descanso el niño crece en forma desmedida.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con ceniza, si se anhela que la herida del niño sane con prontitud, y en lugar seco, para que el entuerto de la madre no llegue a producirse.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es remedio contra dolores derivados del menstruo, tostado y revuelto con aceite de comer, y frotado sobre el vientre.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando faltan estos árboles, se escogen los de grandes follajes, los fructíferos y fornidos, para que así sea la fortuna del niño.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para corregir la intemperancia, se da en tragos de anisado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Todo amanecer es propicio para curar las afecciones hepáticas con cruces de hierro viejo que haya permanecido la noche colocado en el sereno.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un sahumerio de ramo pascual, ruda, incienso, mirra con asperges de agua bendita por todos los rincones del sitio que se desea limpiar, son suficientes para desterrar a las que chupan cara, cabeza y brazos de recién nacidos, tornándolos llorones y provocándoles la muerte.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El árbol a cuya sombra se escondieron las carnosidades pasa a ser de propiedad del que acaba de nacer.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lo que sobra del cordón se entierra en lugar seco, en hoyo de media vara.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los baños “golpeados” o de ducha para corregir la sangre de las recién llegadas a la menstruación, se ejecutan a las cinco de la mañana.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La quietud excesiva, cierta vida sedentaria, detienen los humores y clavan el feto en la cadera.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El que lleva a cabo el medicamento, sin hablar, toma su saliva y la unta sobre el cuello y los brazos del paciente y frota luégo hacia atrás con más o menos fuerza.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“es conveniente proceder cuando los elementos están quietos, a fin de que los remedios lleguen hasta ellas.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En esta fecha de curación está prohibido a la enferma hacer fuerza, cortarse las uñas, verse en espejos, peinarse, coser, aplanchar, bailar, tener contacto sexual, dejar de tomar agua azufrada.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La quietudo debilidad de la paridora son, también, causales de esta angustia.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si permanece insensible todavía, se sacude, se agita, se balancea en el aire. Al fin, si no está muerto, vendrá el grito de vida.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortar con más largueza, es desfigurar el ombligo y el sexo del recién llegado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El corte del ombligo se lleva a cabo por la comadrona.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reducido a polvo y bebido por el padre, no olvidará al hijo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando se ambiciona tener más familia, se entierra con sal.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En las operaciones mágicas, especialmente cuando se desean apartar brujas del lugar en donde hay un niño sin bautizar, se espera que los vientos se amainen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ocurrido el parto, la atención de ayudantes y comadronas se concentra sobre el niño.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando nace sin llorar, amoratado o ahogándose, se le rocía la cara con alcohol o aguardiente y se le golpean las nalgas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Temperatura media, 27º C.; humedad relativa, 93.9% ; días de lluvia en un año, 320.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Estación Agroforestal del Pacífico, años 1946-1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Tres características notables —dice el General Paulo Emilio Escobar— hacen inconfundible el régimen de los ríos en la costa colombiana del Pacífico, a saber:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En Esmeraldas, Ecuador......... 2.500mm. En la costa de Nariño........ 3.000 mm. En Calima, Valle .... 8.400 mm. En Quibdó.. 11.000 mm. En Turbo,Antioquia. 2.300 mm.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Estación Agroforestal del Pacífico, años 1946-1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“El clima es, pues, ipso-húmedo y la vegetación hidro-higrófila megatermal, constituída por una selva pluvial interrumpida solamente por el curso de los ríos”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Víctor Manuel Patiño
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“van al Pacífico más de 240 ríos, según Vergara y Velasco ¹.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vergara y Velasco ¹
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La desnutrición y las endemias hacen del trabajo escolar algo sin objeto.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las regiones que acabamos de describir someramente, fueron estudiadas en 1955 en nuestra condición de investigador del Instituto Colombiano de Antropología.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un mes en cada sitio nos dio oportunidad de conocer la habitación de los caseríos, la composición racial y familiar, las migraciones y sus causas, el estado civil y las formas de matrimonio, grado de estudio escolar de los mayores, miembros que trabajan, ocupación por sexos y edades, alimentación diaria y salarios, noticias geográficas e históricas, fauna y minerales, mercados, comercio e industri”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nos valimos de informantes. Escogimos parteras, curanderos, padres y madres de familia, maestros graduados en las Escuelas Normales del país”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por otra parte, el Estado no ha mostrado al campesino las ventajas que obtendría al recurrir a donde el médico. Hasta ahora se ha limitado a reprimir el curanderismo con leyes que se violan.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Grupos con ocho o diez hijos obligan a las madres embarazadas a pescar y cazar, sembrar y recoger arroz, a luchar con la cáscara de mangle. El final de este servir se manifiesta en los abortos peligrosos, en la mortalidad infantil, en la ignorancia del abecedario, en cierto vagabundaje y trashumancia del joven, que huye a los puertos de Buenaventura, Esmeraldas o Panamá, donde se olvida el hogar.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 50 worker families with whom the authors lived are representative of the workers in Nuquí and Tumaco.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por estas causas, escuelas como las de Nuquí no crecen en matrícula, ni logran los del primer curso llegar al tercero, ni éstos al quinto.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La rascadera, de consumo frecuente en el Alto y Bajo Chocó, contiene la tal sapotoxina y los perjuicios apuntados.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un boga, un minero, un estanciero de Pizarro o pescador de El Bajito, no está, con el salario indicado atrás, en condiciones de pagar visitas médicas, comprar fórmulas, proporcionarse dietas especiales.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hay que confesar que hubo imposibilidad para ahondar los temas medicinales relacionados con la sexualidad, la menstruación y la brujería, asuntos que el visitante planteó con nitidez y en diversas ocasiones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En nuestro concepto la razón radica en el paisaje natural de los poblados, en las fallas de la comunicación, en buye al sostenimiento de la rutina que sobre higiene y salubri- el olvido del Gobierno para educar al conglomerado, en la pobreza de los habitantes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si la desnutrición de la familia está en razón directa del jornal escaso de los padres, la higiene de las habitaciones y de los pueblos contribuye a la quiebra de la salud en un medio donde cinco, ocho, diez o más personas duermen en ramadas que sirven para los menesteres más diversos, desde cocina hasta establo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conforme se verá más adelante, entre los proporcionadores de datos figuran blancos, mulatos y negros, todos mayores de edad y de larga experiencia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En más de una ocasión enfrentamos a dos o más descriptores de fórmulas sobre un punto concreto para conocer las diferencias. En casos difíciles se acudió a un tercero de reputación reconocida.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muchos nombres de los anteriores fueron dados por los miembros del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, mediante el herbario recogido por nosotros en la zona estudiada. Determinaron los doctores A. Dugand, A. Fernández Z., H. García Barriga, Jorge Hernández, Jesús María Idrobo, Lorenzo Uribe, María T. Murillo, Roberto Jaramillo Mejía, cuyas iniciales aparecen en”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The visited localities are representative of the Colombian Pacific coast.
“Como el trabajo que se presenta fue recogido en excursiones de meses en la costa colombiana del Pacífico”
“La composición racial de los sitios visitados es como sigue:”
The paper relies on this without support.
The prices recorded in the travel diary are representative of the usual prices faced by coastal inhabitants.
“según nuestro diario de viajes:”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 50 worker families with whom the authors lived are representative of the workers in Nuquí and Tumaco.
“De los 13.268 habitantes que llenan las cabeceras de Nuquí y Tumaco, convivimos, en treinta días, con 50 familias de obreros.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Las cabeceras visitadas son representativas de la costa colombiana del Pacífico para el estudio de la medicina popular.
“Las muestras que se dan, pertenecen, en un todo, a las cabeceras visitadas.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los informantes consultados representan la medicina popular de la costa colombiana del Pacífico.
“De diez informantes, cuatro de ellos aseguraron que los males fríos infestan por igual a hombres y mujeres.”
The paper relies on this without support.
La raza está educada para abatir lo arcaico.
“La raza está educada para abatir lo arcaico.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Por esto el cuerpo de las mujeres (particularmente en el momento del periodo menstrual) es más frío que el de los hombres, así como es más frío el de la recién parida que el de la mujer preñada (Bedoya 2012;Velásquez 1957).”
From Corporalidades afrodescendientes en el pacífico colombiano (2024) · cites this paper as Velásquez 1957
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“En consecuencia, la pérdida del deseo o la incapacidad de tener relaciones sexuales por la no erección del pene son explicadas como un enfriamiento, lo que se busca curar con sustancias calientes, como botellas curadas o balsámicas preparadas para tal fin (Velásquez 1957).”
From Corporalidades afrodescendientes en el pacífico colombiano (2024) · cites this paper as Velásquez 1957
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“así como es más frío el de la recién parida que el de la mujer preñada (Bedoya 2012;Velásquez 1957).”
From Corporalidades afrodescendientes en el pacífico colombiano (2024) · cites this paper as Velásquez 1957
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ g) Alimentos fríos.—Son alimentos fríos o cálidos: · p. 36
“pescados de río y de mar, como berrugate, mero, machetajo, lisa, cangrejo azul, canchimalo, curruco, sábalo, jurel, gualajo, ñato, bagre, corbina, jaiba, camarón, del octavo día en adelante, pero bien ahumados.”
§ g) Alimentos fríos.—Son alimentos fríos o cálidos: · p. 36
“Por la madre y el niño, deben evitarse en toda la dieta: Alimentos muy condimentados; ají picante, por los cólicos de la madre y el ombligo del recién nacido; carnes de cerdo sin ahumar, tatabro, chivo, porque pudren la matriz e impiden el cierre del ombligo; pescados de dientes, y los cazados con dinamita y barbasco, tales dentón, berrugate, mero, lisa, curruco, tiburón, pargo, corbina”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Clasificación médica. · p. 28
“aceite canime, quinina, hielo”
§ Clasificación médica. · p. 29
“arroz, aceite canime, queso, huevo”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Hot-Cold Syndrome and Symbolic Balance in Mexican and Spanish-American Folk Medicine
Currier, R. L. (1966) · Ethnology · doi:10.2307/3772771 · Cited by 148
On the Origin of Humoral Medicine in Latin America
Foster, G. M. (1987) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1525/maq.1987.1.4.02a00020 · Cited by 115
La cultura negra del litoral ecuatoriano y colombiano: un modelo de adaptacion etnica
Whitten, N. E., & De Friedemann, N. S. (1974) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/2539472x.1563 · Cited by 50
Sociomedical aspects of malaria control in Colombia
Lipowsky, R., Kroeger, A., & Vázquez, M. L. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90190-2 · Cited by 40
ARTICLE: Selected References on the Hot‐Cold Theory of Disease
Logan, M. H. (1975) · Medical Anthropology Newsletter · doi:10.1525/maq.1975.6.2.02a00050 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Velásquez, R.
- Venue
- Revista Colombiana de Antropología
- Published
- 1957-01-01
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 195-241
- ISSN
- 0486-6525 (ISSN-L)
- 2539-472X
- OpenAlex
- W3112861056
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Revista Colombiana de Antropología (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositorio Universidad de Caldas (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Indigenous Studies in Latin America
- Keywords
- folk medicine, traditional healing, Colombian Pacific coast, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, indigenous peoples
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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