The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 96 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Corporalidades afrodescendientes en el Pacífico colombiano
Open accessAbstract
Este artículo examina nociones y prácticas corporales de los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano, y destaca la relevancia de comprender cómo se entrelazan múltiples redes de significados y tecnologías corporales en distintos contextos. A partir de la revisión de literatura y archivo etnográfico, se identifican principios de inteligibilidad que configuran las condiciones de posibilidad de las prácticas de significación en el mundo social. Lejos de entenderse como modelos cerrados, estos principios mantienen configuraciones abiertas y contestables, en línea con una lógica de la heterogeneidad. En contraste con el enfoque ontológico y la folclorización de las creencias, se enfatiza la importancia de contextualizar e historizar dichos principios. El artículo se basa en décadas de trabajo etnográfico en la región y examina prácticas de modelación corporal desde la gestación hasta la terapéutica y la brujería, así como los contrastes térmicos y la dicotomía entre lo divino y lo humano. Las conclusiones proponen abrir horizontes interpretativos más allá de los enfoques etnicistas actuales.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The article identifies several shared “principles of intelligibility” shaping Afro-descendant bodily notions and practices in Colombia’s Pacific—bodies in process, open/closed, hot/cold, and divine/human—drawing on documentary and decades of ethnographic work. It argues these principles are heterogeneous, contestable, and not reducible to ethnicist or folklorizing accounts.
Key findings
- Early body-modeling practices treat newborns as unfinished and moldable: umbilical cutting is reported as two fingers for boys and two and a half for girls in Velásquez’s study, and two fingers for boys and three for girls in Losonczy’s Atrato material; other practices include differential lactation, *chumbar*, *pringar*, and *ombligada*, the latter performed in the first five to fifteen days after birth with substances such as gold, fish spine, ants, guayabo, money, book leaves, mother’s sweat, or midwife’s saliva.
- Bodies are classified as open or closed: infants are open and vulnerable to *ojeo*; menstruating and recently parturient women are more open, while pregnant women are closed; men can close almost their whole body, whereas women can close up to three quarters; at death the body must open for the soul and shadow to leave.
- Hot/cold distinctions organize bodies and the world: the body is normally hot, blood loss cools it, women menstruating or postpartum are colder than men or pregnant women, aging brings cooling, the lower body is colder but genitals are among the hottest parts, and sexual dysfunction or infertility is often explained as cold and treated with hot substances such as *botellas curadas* or *balsámicas*.
- Divine/human distinctions frame illness, death, and witchcraft: divine phenomena belong to God, saints, and virgins, while human phenomena relate to the devil, *brujería*, *daños*, and *maleficios*; bodily traces and fluids—footprints in mud, blood, sweat, urine, semen, hair, nails—are treated as still connected to the body and usable in practices such as *coger el rastro* or love magic.
Methods
- Theoretical framing is poststructuralist, drawing on Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall; the notion of “principle of intelligibility” reworks Losonczy’s cognitive model, linked to Lévi-Strauss, and is thought through Grimson’s “cultural configuration” as a logic of heterogeneity.
- Data come from a documentary/literature archive and the author’s ethnographic fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific since the early 1990s, including the last three years living in Tumaco.
- Analysis is qualitative: the article reviews archival and ethnographic records to trace a handful of principles across body-modeling practices from gestation and birth through therapeutics and witchcraft.
Limitations
- The author explicitly states that his elaborations are abstract, non-historicized, and fragmentary; contextualizing and historicizing these principles exceeds the article’s purposes, as does an exhaustive analysis of the assemblages they enable.
- The author also states that no semiotic-discursive analysis is proposed, despite noting it could be interesting.
- Evident from the text: the argument relies on existing literature and the author’s own ethnographic archive rather than a systematic sampling or quantitative design, and it offers a first probe of selected principles rather than a comprehensive account.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
70 No basis given · 47 Sources not found · 47 Own interpretation · 15 Not checked yet · 9 Own result · 2 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Por esto el cuerpo de las mujeres (particularmente en el momento del periodo menstrual) es más frío que el de los hombres, así como es más frío el de la recién parida que el de la mujer preñada (Bedoya 2012;Velásquez 1957).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bedoya 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Velásquez 1957 source
En «Clasificación médica» (p. 32), el artículo recoge la creencia de que la temperatura de la mujer es inferior a la del hombre. En la sección sobre los períodos de la mujer (p. 35), describe a la menstruante como «fría», lo que respalda el énfasis en el período menstrual dentro de ese marco de medicina popular. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Las mujeres suelen tener el cuerpo más abierto que los hombres.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A partir de la revisión de literatura y archivo etnográfico, se identifican principios de inteligibilidad que configuran las condiciones de posibilidad de las prácticas de significación en el mundo social.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mucho más común, aunque no del todo generalizada, es la práctica, que algunos conocen como ombligada, de enterrar estos residuos del parto en un hoyo al tiempo que se siembra allí un árbol o una palma.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Entre las prácticas de fijación de la identidad sexual, se pueden indicar el corte del cordón umbilical y la lactancia.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Así, cuando cuentan con unas pocas semanas de nacidos, a los bebés se les suele colocar en la muñeca del brazo una manilla conocida como aseguranza o curada.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Al cortar el cordón umbilical, se ha dicho cómo la partera tiene el cuidado de dejarlo más largo para el niño y más corto para la niña.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rogerio Velásquez
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Anne Marie Losonczy
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con el nacimiento no se ha culminado la formación del cuerpo ni del comportamiento del infante.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las primeras semanas de vida son cruciales en la modelación del cuerpo a través de una serie de prácticas desplegadas por parteras, abuelas y madres para la adecuada fijación de la identidad sexual, de ciertos rasgos de belleza corporal y para la incorporación de cualidades que marcarán de por vida algunas habilidades o rasgos de carácter.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cómo los contrastes de lo frío y lo caliente se articulan corporalmente, no solo en las diferentes fases del ciclo de vida, sino en términos de género o de los componentes corporales.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 86
- Probably not a substantial claim. 74
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“En consecuencia, la pérdida del deseo o la incapacidad de tener relaciones sexuales por la no erección del pene son explicadas como un enfriamiento, lo que se busca curar con sustancias calientes, como botellas curadas o balsámicas preparadas para tal fin (Velásquez 1957).”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Velásquez 1957 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
La sección «Clasificación médica» (pp. 29–33) describe enfermedades frías y calientes y menciona la frigidez, pero no explica la pérdida del deseo ni la falta de erección como un enfriamiento. La receta en botella de «1º Pasmo» (p. 37) se indica para otro mal. Busqué impotencia, erección y botellas curadas o balsámicas sin hallar un pasaje que vincule esos remedios con la afirmación citada. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Quibdó, incluso, uno de mis estudiantes en la Universidad Claretiana había sido ombligado con billetes reducidos a polvo, mientras que a otra la habían ombligado con el polvo resultante de quemar hojas de un libro.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hacia los seis meses, cuando ya está gateando y su alimentación comienza a variar, se empieza a considerar que ya deja de ser bebé para convertirse en un niño pequeño.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al colocarlas, se suelen acompañar de oraciones o secretos que se pronuncian con el nombre del bebé.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Condoto indicaban el caso de un anciano que yacía putrefacto en una agonía interminable, hasta que un zángano (brujo) pudo abrirle con secretos su cuerpo para que finalmente muriera.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En algún momento de los primeros meses de vida, el cuerpo del recién nacido ya no puede ser modelado.”
- Also stated in: § 6 · plain
“Llega el tiempo en el cual ya no tiene ningún efecto si se pringa o chumba, para no hablar de prácticas mucho más tempranas como las de la ombligada.”
- Also stated in: § 6 · plain
“El cuerpo se ha sustraído a la posibilidad de su modificación.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6 · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El cuerpo de la mujer menstruante y la recién parida está mucho más abierto, mientras que el de la mujer preñada se encuentra cerrado (por eso se enfoga, se calienta).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El cuerpo de la mujer menstruante y la recién parida está mucho más abierto, mientras que el de la mujer preñada se encuentra cerrado (por eso se enfoga, se calienta).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por tanto, tienen que evitar permanecer en el agua por tiempos prolongados o sitios particularmente fríos como los manglares.Entrar al cementerio hay igualmente que evitarlo cuando se tiene el periodo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta manilla, compuesta por semillas rojas y chaquiras negras (o simplemente por unos hilos de estos colores), se suele amarrar en la muñeca izquierda de las niñas y en la derecha de los niños, y se les deja hasta que cae sola unos meses después.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por tanto, el número exacto de meses del embarazo es una información que no se comparte fácilmente, y menos público aún es el momento preciso en el que empiezan las labores de parto.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una picadura de culebra, por ejemplo, en estas condiciones, complica considerablemente la labor del curandero.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando alguien es mordido por una serpiente venenosa, debe abstenerse de realizar una serie de acciones (como saltar quebradas) porque puede tramarse, lo que hace mucho más difícil la labor del curandero.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Existen múltiples formas de tramar a una mujer que da a luz; algunas de estas son intencionadas y se consideran como daño, pero muchas otras no lo son.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En este caso, durante los primeros días después del parto, se suele pringar la nariz del bebé para evitar que sea marcadamente achatada; su cabeza, para que se torne redondeada; sus nalgas, para que no vayan a quedar aplanadas, y sus genitales, para que adquieran la forma y la posición deseadas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“En el mismo sentido lo ha indicado Anne Marie Losonczy con respecto al Atrato: la partera debe cortar el cordón a dos dedos de largo si es niño, y a tres si es niña.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anne Marie Losonczy
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La ombligada consiste en curar el ombligo del infante, ante la caída del muñón que ha quedado del corte del cordón umbilical, en los primeros cinco a quince días de nacido.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Arocha 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Seguir dando de mamar a las niñas hace que crezcan arreboladas, con un carácter tosco y agresivo, como el que se supone corresponde a los hombres, por lo que se las podría considerar como marimachas (Bedoya 2012, 27;Castro 2017, 30).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bedoya 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Castro 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además, en los últimos tres años he estado viviendo en Tumaco, completando y contrastando los datos e interpretaciones en torno a las corporalidades afrodescendientes que aquí presento.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cuando la mamá está moldeando con sus manos las mejillas del bebé, al mismo tiempo le está diciendo lo que ella espera de él en la vida y lo que definitivamente no debe 'ser' o 'hacer'”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Entre las prácticas que pretenden modelar tempranamente el cuerpo del infante se ha referido el chumbar (Arango 2014;Ayala 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ayala 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Es fundamental respetar estrictamente esta regla; si no se cumple puede tener la consecuencia de hacer surgir personalidades sexualmente ambiguas, niños afeminados que hablan demasiado y con voz aguda, que no cazan y que no tienen hijos o tienen pocos, o niñas masculinas, desinteresadas por la casa, violentas y estériles, o con hijos que mueren jóvenes.(2006,193)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2006]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [193]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta práctica supone una adscripción de las niñas al universo de lo doméstico y el vínculo de los niños con el del afuera de la casa.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“madres, abuelas y comadronas participan, mediante estas prácticas, en la orientación de la identidad sexual de los pequeños debido a que, con el nacimiento, son cuerpos en proceso, cuerpos inacabados.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque estas prácticas no son generalizadas -mucho menos en las últimas décadas, con el creciente posicionamiento de la medicalización desde el saber experto de la medicina facultativa, que ha socavado la autoridad y labor de las parteras-”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: El creciente posicionamiento de la medicalización desde el saber experto de la medicina facultativa ha socavado la autoridad y labor de las parteras.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“la noción de principio de inteligibilidad retoma el argumento del modelo cognitivo de Losonczy, anclado en un horizonte más asociado a las contribuciones de Lévi-Strauss, para ser pensado desde el argumento de que el mundo es discursivamente constituido, pero no es solo discurso.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Losonczy
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lévi-Strauss
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esto implica que el temperamento (es decir, la forma de ser) de la persona se ve influenciado directamente por la sustancia con la que fue ombligado.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El ombligado con oro encontrará mejor fortuna en la mina.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Grimson plantea que lo compartido por unas personas en lugares determinados es un cierto ordenamiento, una configuración que establece los términos en los que se hace posible la multiplicidad (una lógica de la heterogeneidad).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alejandro Grimson (2011)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Salahonda indicaban que dejar de amamantar a los niños demasiado pronto podía implicar caracteres recatados, temerosos y delicados, más asociados con las mujeres.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“específicos ensamblajes que estos principios habilitan, en sus singulares permutaciones y despliegues.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El árbol de guayabo hace que la persona adquiera una gran dureza como su madera.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“se coge el ombligo una vez cortado, o también puede ser la placenta, y se siembra en la tierra junto con alguna semilla de alguna fruta.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Negret y Gallego 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las hormigas arrieras, árboles como el guayabo, anguilas, la uña de la gran bestia, pero también billetes, hojas de libros, el sudor de la madre y hasta la saliva de la partera engrosan el listado de las sustancias referidas en la literatura y en los registros de campo con las que se ha ombligado a muchos afrodescendientes en el Pacífico colombiano.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No es una condición dada, sino que se asocia con fases, momentos o procedimientos específicos de la vida.No con estados absolutos, porque un cuerpo totalmente cerrado o totalmente abierto implica la muerte.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La apertura o el cerramiento responden a procesos de crecimiento o de funcionamiento de los cuerpos, así como a situaciones extraordinarias resultado de accidentes o procedimientos rituales.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Los cuerpos de los adultos se han cerrado (aunque no absolutamente), pero vuelven a abrirse más y más cuando se envejecen (Losonczy 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Losonczy 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el caso de los billetes, se esperaba que eso atrajera la plata, mientras que en el del libro, que fuera bueno para el estudio.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando alguien es ombligado con hormiga arriera, por ejemplo, será laborioso al igual que ellas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Tumaco, por ejemplo, mientras la molleja del bebé está abierta, debe protegerse su cabeza no solo del sol, sino también del mal aire, del pasmo o del frío.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Entre estos jugueteos se puede resaltar el pinino, que consiste en parar al bebé en la palma de la mano durante unos segundos para que vaya adquiriendo equilibrio (López 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites López 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“El corte del ombligo se lleva a cabo por la comadrona.Si la criatura es hombre, se miden dos dedos en el cordón umbilical y se corta.Si mujer, dos y medio”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1957]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [232]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Para el posestructuralismo, el discurso es una materialidad, constituye una práctica de significación (Hall [1997(Hall [ ] 2014)).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hall [1997(Hall [ ] 2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hay momentos y prácticas que abren o cierran los cuerpos, que posibilitan o inhabilitan la entrada o salida de flujos corporales permitiendo el mantenimiento o la pérdida de un adecuado equilibrio y funcionamiento.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La mayoría de estas sustancias se aplican después de ser bien tostadas y reducidas a una fina ceniza; otras, como el oro o la saliva, no requieren este tratamiento.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No es solo la dimensión física del cuerpo lo que está en juego aquí, sino su vinculación con ciertos rasgos de carácter, con la marcación del temperamento, en los que entra en consideración el género (Camacho 1998, 39).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Camacho 1998, 39
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Timbiquí me indicaban que se recurre al enchumbe para tranquilizar al bebé y facilitarle el sueño.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En algunos lugares esta práctica se deja de hacer a las semanas de nacido, mientras que en otros se mantiene hasta unos meses antes de que el bebé empiece a caminar.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Dado que sus cuerpos están abiertos, los bebés son vulnerables, por ejemplo, a que los ojeenfoot_0 , lo cual puede causarles la muerte (Arango 2014;Bedoya et al. 2012;Castro 2017;De la Torre 2012;López 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Bedoya et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Castro 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Desde esta perspectiva, entiendo los principios de inteligibilidad como rasgos de una lógica desde la cual se produce y despliega un heterogéneo repertorio de nociones y de prácticas corporales afrodescendientes en el Pacífico colombiano.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Corregir aspectos indeseados (como el arqueamiento de los pies o la forma de los genitales femeninos), favorecer el endurecimiento y la firmeza de los huesos y músculos, así como fomentar un comportamiento adecuado (la tranquilidad y el dormir bien), es posible con la chumbada porque estos son cuerpos y comportamientos aun moldeables.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“el chumbar (o enchumbar, como es conocido en otros lugares, entre ellos Nuquí) se realiza para que el cuerpo del bebé adquiera firmeza y fuerza, así como para que, al crecer, sus piernas no queden arqueadas (para que no quede cascorvo).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si consideramos estas situaciones, la práctica de pringar no solo busca el modelamiento de cuerpos inacabados y orientables hacia ciertos ideales estéticos corporales, sino que también puede incluir una dimensión moral de adecuación del temperamento futuro de los infantes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En el momento de la muerte, incluso, el cuerpo debe abrirse finalmente para permitir la salida del alma y de la sombra; de lo contrario, la agonía se prolonga penosamente (Ayala 2011;Quiceno 2016;Velásquez 1961).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ayala 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Quiceno 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Velásquez 1961
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cada una de estas sustancias está relacionada con una propiedad que es incorporada de por vida en el ombligado.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Para esto se introduce una sustancia del entorno previamente seleccionada por la madre, la abuela o la partera, para luego cubrir cuidadosamente el ombligo con algodón o un pequeño pedazo de tela que a menudo se fija con cinta”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Arocha 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“El chumbar consiste en envolver con firmeza el cuerpo del recién nacido, cubriéndoselo todo, con excepción de la cabeza y, en ocasiones, uno o dos de sus brazos.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Castro 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En Tumaco, por ejemplo, cuentan cómo a las niñas se les restringía la leche materna pocos meses después de nacidas, mientras que a los niños se les mantenía durante un mayor periodo de tiempo.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bedoya 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque en muchos lugares -como en Satinga-la chumbada implica envolver completamente al bebé hasta los hombros, dejando o no un brazo por fuera, en sitios como Condoto solo se hace de la cintura para abajo, argumentando que hacerlo desde el hombro es incómodo para el bebé.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El supuesto que guía esta práctica es el de establecer una estrecha y duradera relación con la sustancia con la cual uno ha sido ombligado, lo que significa adquirir una particular habilidad-característica asociada a tal sustancia (como en el caso de la hormiga arriera o la saliva de la partera), tener un privilegiado acceso a ella (como el oro o el dinero) o fijar un indisoluble vínculo (como con”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además de esta plasticidad y blandura, el cuerpo del recién nacido es concebido como abierto, lo que lo hace particularmente vulnerable a ciertas enfermedades o a la brujería.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Algo semejante opera con quienes han sufrido una herida de consideración y han perdido sangre.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“pringar es una palabra que se refiere a la utilización del calor como resultado de la frotación de las manos, del sebo de vela o de una cáscara de plátano para sobar una parte del cuerpo con un propósito curativo (en el caso del pasmo o el vaso), o para modelar ciertas partes del cuerpo de los recién nacidos (Alzate 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alzate 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las mujeres pueden cerrar hasta tres cuartos de su cuerpo, mientras que los hombres, casi todo.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Entre las 'cosas hechas' para producir enfermedades que ocasionan la muerte, se cuentan animales como los gusanos, las lombrices, el sapo y el bujeo, los cuales son introducidos en el cuerpo de la víctima”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mosquera 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque pertenecen a la región inferior del cuerpo, los genitales son vistos como una de las partes más calientes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No cualquiera sabe coger el rastro.Se requiere de un conocimiento de secretos del diablo que solo los brujos poseen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“También es posible contar con una botella curada o balsámica preparada como contra.Así, al tomar un trago todas las mañanas, se cierra el cuerpo como protección ante cualquier daño, como el que le pueden colocar a uno en la comida o las culebras puestas por un brujo (Quiceno 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Quiceno 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Así, los cuerpos abiertos se asocian con lo frío, mientras que a los cerrados se los vincula con lo caliente.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De la misma manera, las dietas de las mujeres preñadas, las recién paridas, las menstruantes, los heridos y los picados de culebra tienen en consideración la prohibición de alimentos fríos, mientras que los calientes son recomendados.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cerrar el cuerpo sería una buena opción para defenderse ante posibles ataques de la brujería, pero en caso de muerte puede significar una larga agonía, puesto que al alma se le imposibilita salir del cuerpo (Quiceno 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Quiceno 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como una práctica de evitación, entonces, uno debe cuidarse de no dejar huellas, sobre todo de los pies descalzos, en aquellos lugares donde pueden ser utilizadas para este tipo de brujería.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La muerte, incluso, es el momento en el que el cuerpo se enfría definitivamente.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Si a un niño ya le curaron el ojo y uno quiere que no lo vuelvan a ojear, uno lo cierra […].Ya no le vuelve a dar más ojo, y si lo quiere cerrar cuando está recién nacido también”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En este sentido, se piensa que el cuerpo de los hombres es más caliente que el de las mujeres, aunque esto no implica un desconocimiento del deseo sexual en las mujeres.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Todavía más temidas son las cosas puestas o cosas hechas, prácticas que saben realizar los brujos con estos fluidos o sustancias.Aunque no todos los brujos las utilizan ni todas las cosas puestas o cosas hechas implican la tenencia de tales sustancias, los efectos de este tipo de brujería son los más temidos:”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La brujería amorosa, que recurre a sustancias del cuerpo y fotografías, y a menudo utiliza la fuma del tabaco, es ampliamente conocida entre los más jóvenes en poblados urbanos como Tumaco.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Normalmente, el cuerpo de los seres humanos es caliente.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los cambios en los balances térmicos del cuerpo son resultado de excesos o pérdidas; son expresión de su estrecha imbricación con un mundo en el que procesos, sustancias, tiempos y lugares responden a este transversal contraste entre lo caliente y lo frío.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gran parte de los animales y plantas son creación divina, así como los seres humanos y sus cuerpos”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
- Not matchedcites Binder y Cerón 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Camacho 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque los hombres apelan a prácticas rituales y bebedizos para cerrar sustancialmente su cuerpo, las mujeres no deben hacerlo, ya que esto impediría la llegada de su periodo o que queden en embarazo (preñadas).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“El placer sexual puede debilitarse si la temperatura no está equilibrada”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Quiceno 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En los rastros, fluidos o sustancias se conserva una conexión tal con el cuerpo que se podría considerar que estos son concebidos como parte del cuerpo, aun después de que han sido desechados, o que, al menos por haber pertenecido a este, operarían como un vehículo para influirlo.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los infortunios son una realidad cotidiana y muchos de ellos provienen de lo humano.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Del lado de lo humano, la sangre menstrual mezclada en un alimento o bebida busca amarrar al hombre para que no le sea posible conseguir otra mujer.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Una vez definida la enfermedad de acuerdo a su temperatura, los remedios y alimentos de condición contraria son los más indicados en el tratamiento; es decir, una enfermedad considerada fría requiere de un remedio y de alimentos calientes para su curación y viceversa.(1990,110)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lobo-Guerrero y Herrera 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque hay enfermedades divinas que pueden ser tratadas por los curanderos, las amenazas de un daño o maleficio producido por la brujería no deben ser soslayadas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Un brujo cierra el cuerpo con secretos destinados para ello (Meza 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meza 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distinciones en términos de lo caliente y lo frío estructuran diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, entre enfermos y aliviados, entre la parte de arriba y la de abajo, entre componentes y fluidos del cuerpo, entre el cuerpo y la sexualidad negra de otros cuerpos, como los de los cholos y paisas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando un niño es ojeado, sus síntomas son la fiebre y el malestar corporal general.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enfriamiento o calentamiento resultan de la pérdida o retención de fluidos; del inadecuado consumo de sustancias frías o calientes; del contacto prolongado con entidades, momentos o lugares particularmente fríos o calientes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La trama es indicio de vulnerabilidad de la mujer preñada: “El peligro permanente frente a un parto es la denominada ‘trama’, que trae consigo la imposibilidad de la expulsión del niño llevando a la muerte tanto al renaciente como de la madre” (De la Torre 2012, 47).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites De la Torre 2012, 47
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lo divino refiere a lo propiciado por dios, a lo que responde a su voluntad y a entidades como santos y vírgenes que se encuentran bajo su influjo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La noción de tramar no se limita a las mujeres en proceso de parto.Los picados de culebra son igualmente vulnerables al riesgo de ser tramados.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La textura, el color y la disposición le permiten al curandero identificar las causas de las dolencias y prescribir los procedimientos terapéuticos adecuados (Antón Sánchez 2022;De la Torre 2012;Pulgarín 2017;Velásquez 1957).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
- Not matchedcites De la Torre 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Pulgarín 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La parte inferior del cuerpo, por su contacto con el suelo, es considerada más fría que la mitad de arriba, que es más caliente (Losonczy 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Losonczy 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Con la sangre menstrual (o la del parto) también es posible producir locura o afectar las capacidades mentales de una persona (Velázquez 1957).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Velázquez 1957
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En tanto el cuerpo de la recién parida se encuentra abierto, un componente central de las prácticas posteriores al parto busca contribuir a su cerramiento.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conocida como coger el rastro, esta práctica puede ser realizada por un enemigo que busca causar daño, pero también es una forma de castigo para con quien se ha metido a robar productos de las fincas o colinos (Mosquera 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mosquera 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Tumaco suelen hacerse bromas entre los hombres al respecto y se lo tiene como un hecho consabido en el caso de que un hombre no pueda sostener relaciones sexuales con amantes distintas a su mujer.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Más aún, hay una estrecha asociación entre la sexualidad y lo caliente.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El agua de las quebradas, de los ríos y de la lluvia es fría, sobre todo en ciertos momentos del día, pero el agua sal del mar es caliente.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los cuerpos de algunos miembros locales de los grupos armados, por ejemplo, se cierran para protegerse de las balas enemigas, apelando a un brujo que, mediante secretos asociados a lo humano, realice el trabajo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por lo tanto, coger el rastro es un trabajo por el que se le paga a un brujo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Asociado con la división cuerpos abiertos/cerrados, entre los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano se encuentra otro relevante contraste para entender sus nociones y prácticas corporales: frío/caliente.Este principio de inteligibilidad no solo articula las corporalidades, sino que también ordena las distintas entidades del mundo.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: El archivo documental y etnográfico revisado, aunque diverso y fragmentario, es suficiente para identificar principios de inteligibilidad que operan entre los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano.
- Rests on an assumption: Los principios de inteligibilidad identificados son compartidos por los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano como grupo, y no son solo características de casos locales o de las fuentes citadas.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Se debe evitar, por tanto, entrar al monte cuando se está mal dormido, es decir, cuando se han sostenido relaciones sexuales la noche anterior (Camacho 1998;De la Torre 2012;López 2017;Revelo 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Camacho 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites De la Torre 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites López 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las diferentes bebidas alcohólicas y plantas medicinales son consideradas calientes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por su parte, el sudor o la saliva de las madres o parteras pueden ser las sustancias escogidas para ombligar al recién nacido, con la intención de que, una vez se haga adulto, conserve un estrecho vínculo con la madre o tenga destrezas para dedicarse a la partería.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hay personas que de forma voluntaria o involuntaria tienen una mirada que produce el mal de ojo en los niños, pero también en los cultivos o en las personas adultas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El oro es frío al igual que las piedras y la arena de los ríos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Los cuerpos de los viejos se caracterizan por su paulatino enfriamiento, sienten cada vez más frío (Losonczy 1993, 46).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Losonczy 1993 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Parte importante de la preparación para el parto consiste en propiciar con bebidas y sobijos su apertura, así como en evitar que contrarias (enemigas) u otras personas tramen a la mujer durante el trabajo del parto, lo que puede llevarla a la muerte (Antón Sán- chez 2022; Arango 2014; Ayala 2011; Meza 2010; Revelo 2015; Rivas 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Antón Sán- chez 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Arango 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ayala 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los cuerpos cerrados no dejan escapar fluidos ni permiten que entren influjos externos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actividades como tener relaciones sexuales abren el cuerpo, lo cual hace que sea más vulnerable a accidentes como la mordedura de una culebra o a los efectos de la brujería.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A veces acompañadas de rituales como la fuma del tabaco o el rezo de fotografías, estas prácticas de brujería amorosa no son necesariamente realizadas por brujos, sino por mujeres u hombres interesados en amarrar a sus parejas (Urrea Giraldo y Vanín Romero 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Urrea Giraldo y Vanín Romero 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los poblados y la casa son calientes, en contraste con el manglar o el cementerio, que son fríos.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por supuesto que no son estos los únicos relevantes, ni mucho menos se limitan a la configuración de las corporalidades afrodescendientes, ya que las múltiples entidades del mundo, la terapéutica, la gastronomía, la sexualidad y hasta la brujería también responden en gran medida a estos principios de inteligibilidad.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Las huellas dejadas en el barro son utilizadas para hacer brujería, lo que produce una paulatina hinchazón en los pies que puede llevar a la muerte (Antón Sánchez 2022;Palomino 1998;Quiceno 2016).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
- Not matchedcites Palomino 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Quiceno 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Al contrario, la constante cercanía al fogón (sobre todo el de carbón) al cocinar o la exposición a los rayos del sol hacia el mediodía calientan el cuerpo (Antón Sánchez 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Antón Sánchez 2022 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los cuerpos abiertos son más susceptibles a contraer una serie de enfermedades o al influjo de ciertas prácticas de brujería, mientras que los cuerpos cerrados son menos propensos, cuando no inmunes, a ellas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En los recientes tiempos de pandemia, en Tumaco se utilizó el matarratón como cura del COVID, lo que pone en evidencia que este principio de inteligibilidad de lo frío/caliente opera en poblaciones urbanas hoy.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The cited ethnographic cases and the author's decades of fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific are representative enough to support claims about Afrodescendant corporalities across the region.
“El artículo se basa en décadas de trabajo etnográfico en la región”
“en mi propio trabajo etnográfico de décadas en el Pacífico colombiano”
The paper relies on this without support.
El creciente posicionamiento de la medicalización desde el saber experto de la medicina facultativa ha socavado la autoridad y labor de las parteras.
“con el creciente posicionamiento de la medicalización desde el saber experto de la medicina facultativa, que ha socavado la autoridad y labor de las parteras”
The paper relies on this without support.
El archivo documental y etnográfico revisado, aunque diverso y fragmentario, es suficiente para identificar principios de inteligibilidad que operan entre los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano.
“A partir de la revisión de un diverso y fragmentario archivo documental y etnográfico, se pueden trazar principios de inteligibilidad que operan en una serie de nociones y prácticas corporales afrodescendientes en el Pacífico colombiano.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los principios de inteligibilidad identificados son compartidos por los afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano como grupo, y no son solo características de casos locales o de las fuentes citadas.
“En suma, el contraste entre caliente y frío es parte de las nociones de cuerpo que se encuentran entre afrodescendientes del Pacífico colombiano.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cuerpos en proceso
“(1957,232)”
§ References
“Velásquez, Rogerio. 1957. "La medicina popular en la costa colombiana del Pacífico". Revis- ta Colombiana de Antropología 6: 216-218.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cuerpos en proceso
“la partera tiene el cuidado de dejarlo más largo para el niño y más corto para la niña.”
§ Cuerpos en proceso
“Si la criatura es hombre, se miden dos dedos en el cordón umbilical y se corta.Si mujer, dos y medio”
Citations
Cites
Vivir sabroso. Luchas y movimientos afroatrateños, en Bojayá, Chocó, Colombia
Toro, N. Q. (2016) · Editorial Universidad del Rosario eBooks · doi:10.12804/th9789587387506 · Cited by 67
La medicina popular en la costa colombiana del pacífico
Velásquez, R. (1957) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/2539472x.1792 · Cited by 28
Saints, virgins, and the Devil : Witchcraft, magic , and healing in the northern coast of Ecuador
Quiroga, D. (1994) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 14
El luto de si mismo: Cuerpo, sombra y muerte entre los negros colombianos del Choco
Losonczy, A. (1991) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · Cited by 14
Du corps-diaspora au corps nationalisé : rituel et gestuelle dans la corporéité négro-colombienne
Losonczy, A. (1997) · Cahiers d études africaines · doi:10.3406/cea.1997.1837 · Cited by 8
Agudelo, J. A. P. (2012) · Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología · doi:10.7440/antipoda14.2012.06 · Cited by 4
Urán, T., & de la, L. (1995) · Cited by 2
Oro vivo concepciones del oro en la minería artesanal en el Alto San Juan, Chocó
Gil, J. M. N., & Reyes, C. G. (2013) · Repositorio Institucional (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) · Cited by 1
Medicina tradicional y atención primaria de la salud. Una experiencia en el río Andágueda
Lobo-Guerrero, M., & Herrera, X. (2020) · Boletín de Antropología · doi:10.17533/udea.boan.341423 · Cited by 1
Antropología sobre el conocimiento tradicional en el Chocó.
Antón Sánchez, J. (2022) · doi:10.25100/peu.7566781
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gutiérrez, Alejandra. 2014. “‘En el ombligo de toda cosa les echan’: ombligada y parteras en las poblaciones negras del Medio Atrato”. Revista de Estudios del Pacífico 1 (2): 157-186. https://revistas.uniclaretiana.edu.co/index.php/Pacifico/article/view/157
- Irvine, Judith T. y Susan Gal. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation”. En Regimes of Language: Ideologies Polities, and Identities, editado por Paul V. Krokrity, 35-84. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Las capas de la música, el caso de los alabaos
Restrepo, A. T. (2026) · Co-herencia · doi:10.17230/co-herencia.23.44.8365
Metadata
- Authors
- Restrepo, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Católica de Temuco (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Restrepo, Eduardo
- ORCID
- Restrepo, Eduardo
- Venue
- Revista Colombiana De Antropología
- Published
- 2024-09-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e2671
- ISSN
- 0486-6525 (ISSN-L)
- 2539-472X
- OpenAlex
- W4402407093
- Semantic Scholar
- 215a6b78b2f560965ed878c1675b9256fe6427ef
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Revista Colombiana de Antropología (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Afro-Latin American Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Indigenous Studies in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropological Studies and Insights
- Keywords
- Colombian Pacific coast, body practices, body modeling, pregnancy, witchcraft, body temperature, human and divine, heterogeneity, ontological approach, folklorization, ethnicism, Afro-descendants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
