The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Friendships and Social Networks in Childhood and Adolescence: Fluidity, Reliability, and Interrelations
Abstract
Social networks and friendships were tracked over a 3-week period for 132 students enrolled in fourth- and seventh-grade classrooms. Individual interviews were employed to collect data on friendships. Social group membership was determined by the composite social-cognitive map (SCM) procedure and by self-reports. Considerable overlap was found among the methods for establishing relational patterns (i.e., friendships, self-reported groups, composite social-cognitive maps). When loose criteria for stability were employed, high stability was found in friendships (p = .56-.75) and social group membership (p = .90) over a 3-week period. But when stringent criteria were employed, only modest social relationship stability was observed in both methods, suggesting that there is much greater fluidity in peer bonds than has been generally recognized. The relationship between friendship and social network measures, the distinctive information yielded by social networks, and gender and age differences in group structure, fluidity, and friendships are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Adolescents spend more time with peers (42), experience more fluidity in social groups (43), and encounter more frequent feedback from peers (44).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
The Teenage Brain: Sensitivity to Social Evaluation
Somerville, L. H. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413476512 · Cited by 1,011
Childhood peer relationships: social acceptance, friendships, and peer networks
Gifford-Smith, M. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2003) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(03)00048-7 · Cited by 1,046
Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations.
Rodkin, P. C., Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., & Acker, R. M. V. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.1.14 · Cited by 782
Cross-race peer relations and friendship quality
Aboud, F. E., Mendelson, M. J., & Purdy, K. T. (2003) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250244000164 · Cited by 485
Metadata
- Authors
- Cairns, R. B., Leung, M.-C., Buchanan, L., & Cairns, B. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1330
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985521685
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd023302-07, 5r01mh045532-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH-45532, P50-MH52429-01, P50MH052429)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-23302-04)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- friendship, social networks, peer relationships, social group membership, friendship stability, children, adolescents, gender differences, age differences, group structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Child, Psychology, Child, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality Development, Social Environment, Social Support, Sociometric Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
