The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions
Abstract
Mammalian predator-prey systems are behaviorally sophisticated games of stealth and fear. But, traditional mass-action models of predator prey dynamics treat individuals as behaviorally unresponsive “molecules” in Brownian motion. Foraging theory should provide the conceptual framework to envision the interaction. But, current models of predator feeding behavior generally envision a clever predator consuming large numbers of sessile and behaviorally inert prey (e.g., kangaroo rats, Dipodomys, collecting seeds from food patches). Here, we extend foraging theory to consider a predator-prey game of stealth and fear and then embed this game into the modeling of predator-prey population dynamics. The melding of the prey and predator's optimal behaviors with their population and community-level consequences constitutes the ecology of fear. The ecology of fear identifies the endpoints of a continuum of N-driven (population size) versus μ-driven (fear) systems. In N-driven systems, the major direct dynamical feedback involves predators killing prey, whereas μ-driven systems involve the indirect effects from changes in fear levels and prey catchability. In μ-driven systems, prey respond to predators by becoming more vigilant or by moving away from suspected predators. In this way, a predator (e.g., mountain lion, Puma concolor) depletes a food patch (e.g., local herd of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus) by frightening prey rather than by actually killing prey. Behavior buffers the syste…
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“When wolves were present in the upper Gallatin Basin, their effects upon elk were primarily twofold: (1) they could affect elk populations through direct predation and (2) they could behaviorally mediate patterns of herbivory (Brown et al., 1999;Ripple and Beschta, 2004a).”
From River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA (2006) · cites this paper as Brown et al., 1999
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationThe Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations
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BEHAVIORALLY MEDIATED TROPHIC CASCADES: EFFECTS OF PREDATION RISK ON FOOD WEB INTERACTIONS
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Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
Côté, S., Rooney, T., Tremblay, J., Dussault, C., & Waller, D. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 · Cited by 2,124
Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk
Frid, A., & Dill, L. M. (2002) · Conservation Ecology · doi:10.5751/es-00404-060111 · Cited by 1,920
A REVIEW OF TRAIT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Werner, E. E., & Peacor, S. D. (2003) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1083:arotii]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 1,684
Ecosystem services provided by bats
Kunz, T., de Torrez, E. C. B., Bauer, D. M., Lobova, T. A., & Fleming, T. H. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06004.x · Cited by 1,628
Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.
Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L., & Altendorf, K. B. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z01-094 · Cited by 1,216
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., & Gurung, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Mammalogy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-05-20
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-399
- ISSN
- 0022-2372 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1542
- OpenAlex
- W2005745339
- Cited by
- 1,347
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Mammalogy (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- ecology of fear, predator-prey interactions, optimal foraging theory, game theory, trophic interactions, predator-prey population dynamics, predator-prey coevolution
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