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Insectivorous Birds Increase Growth of White Oak through Consumption of Leaf-Chewing Insects
Abstract
We examined the indirect effects of insectivorous birds on plant growth through consumption of leaf—chewing insects in a Missouri Ozark deciduous forest. Over a period of 2 yr, we compared insect numbers, leaf damage, and resultant plant growth for control saplings of white oak (Quercus alba), vs. saplings that we caged to limit access by insectivorous birds but not herbivorous insects. In a third treatment, we sprayed insecticide on young white oak trees to determine the impact of the insect herbivores on plant growth in the presence of birds. The total number of insects encountered on plants inside of cages was twice that on control plants for both years. Insecticide spray reduced herbivore numbers substantially but did not eliminate them. As a result of the treatments, cage plants suffered 25% leaf area loss, control plants 13%, and spray plants 6% at the end of the first season (34, 24, and 9%, respectively, for the 2nd yr). As a result of the differences in damage, cage plants produced one—third less total aboveground biomass compared to insecticide—treated plants, with control plants producing intermediate value. Differences in biomass production were due mainly to decreased leaf biomass, which in turn was associated with decreased leaf size in subsequent years as a result to high damage during the previous year. This is the first terrestrial ecosystem study to demonstrate a significant impact of insectivorous birds on plant growth. Our results suggest that over the long term observed declines in North American populations of insectivorous birds may reduce forest productivity because of potentially higher numbers of leaf—chewing insects and the concomitant negative effect on plant growth.
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“This “counter cascade” conflicts with decades of research on trophic dynamics (44), as well as studies documenting the major impact of anoles, frogs, and birds on arthropod abundance (45, 46).”
From Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
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Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
Fortin, D., Beyer, H. L., Boyce, M. S., Smith, D. W., Duchesne, T., & Mao, J. S. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-0953 · Cited by 1,351
“Although the existence of such top-down forces on food webs has been widely demonstrated (e.g., Marquis and Whelan 1994, McLaren and Peterson 1994, Peacor and Werner 2000, Ripple et al. 2001, Beschta 2003, Schmitz 2003), less Manuscript received 8 June 2004; accepted 20 September 2004; final…”
BackgroundEcosystem Services Provided by Birds
Whelan, C., Wenny, D., & Marquis, R. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1439.003 · Cited by 1,338
“In contrast, Marquis and Whelan (1994), working in Missouri oak forest, found that excluding birds from sapling white oak (Quercus alba) significant increased density of leaf-damaging insects and leaf damage, which in turn decreased production of new biomass in the subsequent growing season.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTrophic Cascades in Terrestrial Systems: A Review of the Effects of Carnivore Removals on Plants
Schmitz, O. J., Hambäck, P. A., & Beckerman, A. P. (2000) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303311 · Cited by 981
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Lister, B. C., & Garcia, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722477115 · Cited by 730
“This “counter cascade” conflicts with decades of research on trophic dynamics (44), as well as studies documenting the major impact of anoles, frogs, and birds on arthropod abundance (45, 46).”
BackgroundTHE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF TOLERANCE TO CONSUMER DAMAGE
Stowe, K. A., Marquis, R., Hochwender, C., & Simms, E. (2000) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.565 · Cited by 696
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Marquis, R. J., & Whelan, C. J.
- Venue
- Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2007-2014
- ISSN
- 0012-9658 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042570348
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 23.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Forest Insect Ecology and Management
- Keywords
- insectivorous birds, Quercus alba, leaf-chewing insects, herbivory, plant growth, indirect effects, bird population decline, forest productivity, leaf damage, aboveground biomass, insecticide effects, deciduous forest, Missouri Ozarks
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