The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age
Abstract
In this paper we examine disparities in the ability to function among older Americans. We place special emphasis on two goals: (I) understanding the quantitatively large socioeconomic status-health gradient, and (2) the persistence in health outcomes over long periods. We find that there exist strong contemporaneous and long-run feedbacks from health to economic status. In light of these feedbacks, it is important to distinguish among alternative sources of income and the recipient of income in the household. This research also demonstrates that health outcomes at old age are influenced by health attributes of past, concurrent, and future generations of relatives. Finally, we find that the demographic and economic differences that exist among them explain functional health disparities by race and ethnicity, but not by gender.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wilson, I. B. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520250075037 · Cited by 3,027
The fetal and infant origins of adult disease.
Barker, D. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 · Cited by 2,768
Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature.
Kaplan, G. A., & Keil, J. E. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1973 · Cited by 1,845
The Demand for Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
House, D. R., & Grossman, M. (1975) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1056581 · Cited by 1,091
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: No Easy Solution
Adler, N. E. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500240084031 · Cited by 1,070
The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Health: A Review of the Literature
Feinstein, J. S. (1993) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350401 · Cited by 1,062
The twain meet: empirical explanations of sex differences in health and mortality
Verbrugge, L. M. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136961 · Cited by 702
Effects of Early-Life Conditions on Adult Mortality: A Review
Elo, I. T., & Preston, S. H. (1992) · Population Index · doi:10.2307/3644718 · Cited by 606
Childhood and adult socioeconomic status as predictors of mortality in Finland
Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Wilson, T. W., Smith, N. L., Kauhanen, J., & Salonen, J. T. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91468-0 · Cited by 303
Socioeconomic differences in adult mortality and health status.
Martin, L. G., & Preston, S. H. (1994) · Cited by 245
Cited by
Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status
Adams, P., Hurd, M. D., McFadden, D., Merrill, A., & Ribeiro, T. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(02)00145-8 · Cited by 709
Cumulative advantage processes as mechanisms of inequality in life course health
Willson, A. E., Shuey, K. M., & Elder, Jr. (2007) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/512712 · Cited by 541
The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions
Hayward, M. D., Miles, T. P., Crimmins, E. M., & Yang, Y. (2000) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657519 · Cited by 466
Health Disparities Based on Socioeconomic Inequities: Implications for Urban Health Care
Fiscella, K., & Williams, D. R. (2004) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200412000-00004 · Cited by 359
Haas, S. A. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700403 · Cited by 298
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, J. P., & Kington, R.
- Venue
- Demography
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 159-170
- ISSN
- 0070-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2034660795
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2061665
- The paper
- Smith, J. P., & Kington, R. (1997). Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age. Demography. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061665
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.