Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency

“…to highlight that—unlike the present article—studies of tactical innovations based on aggregate protest-event data overwhelmingly do not provide representative individual-level attitudinal data about the use of the tactics they aim to study (McAdam 1983; Wang and Piazza 2016; Wang and Soule 2012).”

“Stone (2012) further shows that when the campaigns in favor of LGBT rights begin to win at the ballot box that the countermovement tactically innovates by choosing a more controversial and winnable issue (see also McAdam 1983).”

“Many studies also highlight the role of protest and conflict in attracting news coverage (Lipsky 1968; McAdam 1983; Oliver and Myers 1999).”

“While studies have indicated that innovative performances are more effective for social movements because their opponents are not expecting them (McAdam, 1983), they bring uncertainty to activists because it is hard to calculate and evaluate their outcomes (Jasper, 2006).”

“In fact, tactical innovation is common in movements where activist groups compete for support (McAdam 1983; Olzak and Uhrig 2001).”

“25 Those who have new tactics achieve periods of rapid escalation in their goals and gain new ground.”

“In the light of state repression, the protest group needs to change tactics, making them more resilient to the government (McAdam, 1983).”

“Decades of research on repression and social movement activity have resulted in a bevy of theory and evidence attempting to understand protest policing, or the behavior of police at protest events (della Porta, 1995; Kritzer, 1977; McAdam, 1983; Tilly, 1978, 1995; see Earl, 2003, for a review).”

“We expect civil organizing to adapt its tactics (McAdam 1983) to patterns of violence, displacement, territorial control, international response, and border-country politics, among other things.”

“Although repression structure may have some inertia, states adjust their repression strategies in anticipation of or in response to contentious actions (e.g., McAdam 1983).”

“Social movements are comprised of many organizations, some focusing on institutional tactics while others concurrently use extra-institutional tactics, leading to insider and outsider activists working in tandem (Banaszak, 2010; Epstein, 1996; McAdam, 1983; Meyer, 2006b; Wolfson, 2001).”

“Dabei erfahren sie eine stetige Anpassung, je nachdem wie sich die Gegenseite verhält und wie erfolgreich die bisherigen Aktionen sind, wie eine Vielzahl empirischer Studien zeigt (Della Porta 1995; McAdam 1983; Waldmann 1993; White 1993).”

“These innovations in repertories explain the growth in interest in contention and a higher turnout (McAdam, 1983, p. 736).”

“…reinvent themselves and innovate their repertoires, because the authorities and formal institutions specifically aim to adapt to these struggles and integrate them into their official frame, by co-opting the movements and their leaders, or directly oppressing them to deactivate them (McAdam, 1983).”

“In examining the relationship between the introduction of new tactics and the peak of black insurgency during 1955-1970, McAdam (1983) proposes that there is a process of tactical interaction between insurgents and opponents.”

“Social organisation is necessary to develop mechanisms for attracting adherents and constituents, to collect resources and distribute them back to members as incentives for participation (Knoke 1988; Oliver and Marwell 1988), to set up lines of communication and information, and to formulate strategic plans of action…”

“Soc., Campinas, v. 41, e224566, 2020 11 McAdam (1983) definiu inovação tática como um processo interativo de inovação e adaptação em razão dos desafios e dos adversários.”

“During intensive protest periods, these two tendencies may combine into what McAdam (1983) labelled tactical interaction.”

“…it is necessary to proliferate the transformative power of media production praxis that people can create the “skill of insurgents in devising protest tactics” within “the larger political environment” of new media as seen in the case of online videos for the Obama campaign (McAdam, 1983, p. 737).”

“However, the need to overcome unequal power relations can push militants to introduce ‘tactical innovations’ (McAdam, 1983).”

“Academics such as Macklin and Busher (2015) and Carter (2020: 10-14) remind us of several social movement scholars, such as McAdam (1983) or Zald and Useem (1987), who have – decades earlier – observed dynamic ‘cycles of innovation and adaptations involving opposing movements’ (Macklin and Busher…”

“The first one has examined political processes that lead to the emergence of social movements, changes in the structure of opportunities, and the role of pre-existing networks within the group (Oberschall 1973; Gamson 1975; Tilly 1978; McAdam 1983).”

“, 1992; Giugni, 1998, 1999; McAdam, 1999; Tarrow, 1998; Tilly, 1978); second, the power of the social movement organization, which has to do with group solidarity, the organizational foundation, and resources mobilization (Edwards and McCarthy, 2004; McAdam, 1999; Zald and McCarthy, 1997); third, the collective action…”

“As shown in previous studies, social movements analyze their political environment and choose protest tactics accordingly (Alimi, 2007; McAdam, 1983; McCammon, 2003; Williams, 2016).”

“…no podían votar en España hasta el año 1933 porque había una serie de leyes que no lo permitía; la afroamericana Rosa Parks no podía en 1955 sentarse en los asientos delanteros de los autobuses de la ciudad de Montgomery porque las leyes los reservaban para los ciudadanos blancos (McAdam, 1983).”

“…that social movements strategically pick tactics most effective at disrupting opponents, attracting media attention, and winning concessions from elites (e.g. Gamson 1975; Ganz 2009; Wang and Soule 2016); and that tactics evolve in response to political opportunities (McAdam 1983; Tarrow 1998).”

“Traditional political, social, and economic frameworks (McAdam, 1983; Tarrow, 1996) presume institutionally oriented goals and organizational capacity.”

“Recognizing this opportunity, the movement shifted its tactics from local forms of protest such as bus boycotts to new approaches such as freedom rides, which were intended to provoke favorable federal action by inciting disruptive segregationist violence (McAdam 1983).”

“Novelty generally helps in getting coverage, but novelty wears out fairly quickly (McAdam, 1983).”

“…trends of increased education, upward social mobility, “and the organizational expansion of black churches” (Jenkins 1983; Lincoln and Lawrence 1990; McAdam 1982, 1983; Morris 1981) While the Church’s influence is sometimes mentioned as a criticism due to its conservative social views, the Church…”

“Congress may have a more complicated response to SMOs that use disruptive yet nonvio-lent tactics such as civil disobedience, marches, demonstrations, boycotts, strikes, and sit-ins (McAdam 1983).”

“The bargaining power of social movement organisations can increase through disruptive protest, which affects the calculations of political elites (Cress & Snow, 2000; McAdam, 1983), or through other means, like changing public preferences (Lipsky, 1968).”

“While considerable research explores how such tactical repertoires can in fl uence state actors or other complicit institutional targets (McAdam 1983; Walker et al. 2008), we were unable to identify scholarly analysis of cases in which protesters disrupt external “ third-party ” institutions to…”

“Similarly, responses of politicians provide crucial information for social movements: politicians’ responses inform them about political opportunities and constraints, shaping their future strategies (McAdam, 1983).”

“Success could mean forging a collective identity or mobilising participants (McAdam 1983; Tarrow 1998); achieving recognition and legitimacy (Gamson 1975, p.”