Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 176

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On the Casual Relationship between Government Expenditures and National Income

Holmes, James M., Hutton, Patricia A.·1990·The Review of Economics and Statistics

Abstract

A research strategy is suggested that separates the issue of inference from the problems of prediction or of quantitative policy analysis of an empirical parametric model and illustrates a new methodology that enables this in a test for prima facie causality. Unlike the conventional parametric test, the more powerful multiple rank F test is invariant to monotonic transformations of the variables and independent of the error distribution. Employing this test, the Wagnerian hypothesis, supported by conventional parametric analysis, is rejected and the conventional Keynesian theory is accepted. Copyright 1990 by MIT Press.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2109743

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Metadata

Authors
Holmes, J. M., & Hutton, P. A.
Venue
The Review of Economics and Statistics
Publisher
JSTOR
Published
1990-02
Volume
72
Issue
1
Pages
87
ISSN
0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1992739189
Cited by
176
References
5
FWCI
6.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On the Casual Relationship between Government Expenditures and National Income. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2109743
The paper
Holmes, J. M., & Hutton, P. A. (1990). On the Casual Relationship between Government Expenditures and National Income. The Review of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109743

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.