The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Political Participation Differences
Abstract
While many suggestions have been offered to explain why American women tend to participate in political activities slightly less than men, seldom have these explanations been subjected to a rigorous examination. Here, three plausible explanations drawn from prior research are discussed: first, the political socialization process that discourages women from playing an active political role; second, the family responsibilities that keep some women at home and out of the work force (the explanation), and third, the overrepresentation of women in demographic groups that have low participation levels (the explanation). The latter two explanations are tested directly using data from the SRC election studies of 1952, 1964, and 1972. Once situational and structural variables are controlled, there are no systematic differences in levels of male-female participation. In light of these findings, the validity of the political socialization explanation is discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963) · Cited by 2,647
The Development of Political Attitudes in Children.
Jaros, D., Hess, R. D., & Torney, J. V. (1968) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2110299 · Cited by 793
Smith, M. B., Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1961) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419686 · Cited by 559
Multiple classification analysis
Andrews, F. M. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 501
Greenstein, F. (2017) · Political Socialization · doi:10.4324/9781315126753-4 · Cited by 458
The Development of Political Attitudes in Children
Smith, I. L., Hess, R. D., & Torney, J. V. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162107 · Cited by 397
Some Dynamic Elements of Contests for the Presidency
Stokes, D. E. (1966) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1953803 · Cited by 312
Social and Political Participation of Blacks
Olsen, M. E. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093944 · Cited by 233
Politics an Unnatural Practice: Political Science Looks at Female Participation
Bourque, S. C., & Grossholtz, J. (1974) · Politics & Society · doi:10.1177/003232927400400205 · Cited by 161
A Reappraisal of the Social and Political Participation of Negroes
Orum, A. M. (1966) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/224258 · Cited by 152
Cited by
Attitudes, Opportunities and Incentives: A Field Essay on Political Participation
Leighley, J. E. (1995) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591299504800111 · Cited by 462
Gurin, P. (1985) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/268911 · Cited by 357
Gendering research in political science
Lovenduski, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.333 · Cited by 230
Self-Confidence and Gender Gaps in Political Interest, Attention, and Efficacy
Wolak, J. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/708644 · Cited by 117
Metadata
- Authors
- Welch, S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Political Science
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1977-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 711
- ISSN
- 0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2312659254
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Political Participation Differences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2110733
- The paper
- Welch, S. (1977). Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Political Participation Differences. American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110733
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
