Pathogens and the Evolution of Primate Sociality
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Indications that similar types of adaptive responses are found in other animals suggest that parasites had important impacts upon social life in deep-time evolutionary history.
“Furthermore, the indications that similar types of adaptive responses are found in other animals (Freeland 1976; Loehle 1995) suggest that parasites had important impacts upon social life in deep-time evolutionary history.”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Freeland 1976
Stigmatization and prejudice resulting in marginalization and isolation, or ostracism and periods of quarantining, are adaptations for reducing contact with parasites present within the in-group.
“We agree with Freeland (1976) and Kurzban and Leary (2001) in predicting that stigmatization and prejudice resulting in marginalization and isolation, or ostracism and periods of quarantining, are adaptations for this purpose.”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Freeland (1976)
Xenophobia and ethnocentrism occur widely in nonhuman vertebrates, which implies that the incidental-effect hypothesis would need to account for the comparative evidence.
“The two features also occur widely in nonhuman vertebrates (e.g., Freeland 1976; see also the discussion of cooperative breeding in the T.A.), which implies that the incidental-effect hypothesis would need to account for the comparative evidence.”
From Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity (2012) · cites this paper as Freeland 1976
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References 59 · Cited by 437
- Authors
- Freeland, W. J.
- Corresponding author
- Freeland, W. J.
- Venue
- Biotropica
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1976-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12
- ISSN
- 0006-3606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040234274
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biotropica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- primate sociality, social evolution, pathogenic microorganisms, disease, primate social behavior, host-pathogen interaction
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