The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interim Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials: Ramifications and Guidelines for Practitioners
Abstract
Recent developments in group sequential methods have had a great impact on the design and analysis of randomized clinical trials. The consequences for both planned and unplanned interim analyses are discussed using several real trials as illustrations. Guidelines for the conduct of interim analysis are given, including tables of nominal significance levels and required sample sizes for several group sequential plans. Areas in need of further theoretical advance include multiple endpoints, estimation of treatment differences, stratification, and design of multiple-armed trials.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials
GORDON LAN, K. K., & DEMETS, D. L. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.3.659 · Cited by 2,310
The Analysis of Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials
Pocock, S. J., Geller, N. L., & Tsiatis, A. A. (1987) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531989 · Cited by 524
Self-citation
Cited by
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gotzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c869 · Cited by 8,883
The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lang, T., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 · Cited by 3,835
de Gramont, A., Figer, A., Seymour, M., Homerin, M., Hmissi, A., Cassidy, J., Boni, C., Cortes-Funes, H., Cervantes, A., Freyer, G., et al. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2000.18.16.2938 · Cited by 3,815
Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Amato, M. B. P., Barbas, C. S. V., Medeiros, D. M., Magaldi, R. B., Schettino, G. P., Lorenzi-Filho, G., Kairalla, R. A., Deheinzelin, D., Munoz, C., Oliveira, R., et al. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199802053380602 · Cited by 3,654
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2012) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.10.001 · Cited by 2,345
Metadata
- Authors
- Geller, N. L., & Pocock, S. J.
- Venue
- Biometrics
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1987-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 213
- ISSN
- 0006-341X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965791977
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 8.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Interim Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials: Ramifications and Guidelines for Practitioners. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2531962
- The paper
- Geller, N. L., & Pocock, S. J. (1987). Interim Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials: Ramifications and Guidelines for Practitioners. Biometrics. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531962
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.